Mortality salience and emotional displays
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Salience (neuroscience)
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Salience (neuroscience)
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Research to date guided by terror management theory has demonstrated that mortality salience increases ingroup identification. However, the process that leads from death reminders to group investment has remained underinvestigated. We tested a model in which mortality salience increased the perceived continuity of the group while at the same time strengthening the perception of group entitativity. In turn, higher perceived group entitativity led to enhanced ingroup identification. Three-path mediation analysis showed that mortality salience transmitted its effects onto ingroup identification indirectly, progressing first through perceived collective continuity and then through ingroup entitativity. Moderated mediation analysis revealed that personal self-esteem and the need for closure did not moderate this effect of mortality salience on ingroup identification.
Ingroups and outgroups
Mortality Salience
Terror Management Theory
Salience (neuroscience)
Group identification
In-group favoritism
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This study tested the hypothesis that threats related to infectious diseases would make persons less willing to affiliate with out-groups and that feelings of disgust and beliefs about the out-group members would mediate this effect. To test this hypothesis, American participants of European descent were presented with either a disease threat or control threat. Then they were shown a photograph of someone of the same race or different race. Participants were asked to indicate whether they would avoid the target person and to state their emotional and cognitive responses to the person. As predicted, disease salience decreased the desire to affiliate with out-group members, and both feelings of disgust and beliefs about the infection risk posed by the target person mediated this relationship.
Disgust
Salience (neuroscience)
Mortality Salience
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Derogation
Outgroup
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In two studies, participants completed measures of trait empathy and social dominance orientation, read a summary of a hit and run trial, and provided reactions to the case. In Study 1, the three randomly assigned conditions included a prompt to empathize with the victims, the empathy prompt with a mortality salience manipulation, and a control condition. Participants high in trait empathy were harsher in their judgments of the defendant than were low empathy participants, particularly after having read the mortality salience prompt. The results indicated that mortality salience had triggered personality differences. Participants high in social dominance assigned harsher sentences across conditions. Study 2 involved the same paradigm, but the prompts were presented on behalf of the defendant. Despite the pro-defendant slant, the pattern of results was similar to Study 1. Differences by trait empathy were more apparent among participants experiencing mortality salience, and social dominance was related to sentence choices. There were no indications in either study of mortality salience increasing bias against defendants in general or increasing racial bias.
Mortality Salience
Social dominance orientation
Terror Management Theory
Trait
Salience (neuroscience)
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本研究は存在脅威管理理論の観点から,死の顕現性が自己と内集団の概念連合に与える影響について検証をおこなった。存在脅威管理理論では,死の顕現性が高まると文化的世界観の防衛反応が生じると仮定している。これらの仮定にもとづき,人々は死の脅威にさらされると,自己と内集団の概念連合を強めるかどうかを調べた。死の顕現性は質問紙を通じて操作し,内集団との概念連合は反応時間パラダイムをもちいて測定した。その結果,死の脅威が喚起された参加者は,自己概念と内集団概念で一致した特性語に対する判断時間が一致していない特性語よりも速くなることが明らかになった。その一方,死の脅威が喚起されても,自己概念と外集団概念で一致した特性語に対する判断時間は一致していない特性語よりも速くはならないことが示された。これらの結果は,死の顕現性が高まると,自己と内集団の概念連合が強化されることを示唆している。考察では,自己と内集団の概念連合と存在脅威管理プロセスとの関係性について議論した。
Ingroups and outgroups
Mortality Salience
Salience (neuroscience)
Terror Management Theory
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Mortality Salience
Salience (neuroscience)
Ingroups and outgroups
Terror Management Theory
In-group favoritism
Group identification
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Mortality Salience
Salience (neuroscience)
Social Isolation
Isolation
Terror Management Theory
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Mortality Salience
Salience (neuroscience)
Stereotype (UML)
Stereotype Threat
Terror Management Theory
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This study investigates emotional display rules within the Palestinian context, focusing on the seven basic emotions in a sample of 150 college students from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Overall, participants felt that it was more appropriate to express positive emotions (happiness and surprise) than negative powerful (anger, contempt and disgust) or negative powerless (fear and sadness) emotions. They also perceived it to be more appropriate to express positive and negative powerless emotions to ingroup than outgroup members and to express negative powerful emotions to lower status compared to higher status individuals. Gender differences were also found: men endorsed greater expression of both powerful and, surprisingly, powerless emotions than women, but only when interacting with outgroup members. Results are interpreted in terms of the cultural values of individualism-collectivism and power distance as well as cultural differences in emotional expressiveness between collectivistic societies. This study is one of the first to examine emotional display rules in an Arab population, thus expanding our current knowledge base.
Outgroup
Contempt
Disgust
Ingroups and outgroups
Sadness
Prejudice (legal term)
Emotional expression
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