Table S1) Mercury concentration and isotopic compositions of surface waters of three lakes from different regions in China
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Mercury
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The results of geochemical and isotopic analyses are discussed for groundwater samples obtained from five mines and several shallow wells in the Sudbury Basin. Mine samples were usually obtained from abandoned diamond drill holes or fractures, which were found from depths of 152–1219 m (500–4000 ft). Two very distinctive water types are recognized in the subsurface environment. Fresh to brackish waters were found from surface to approximately 800 m (2600 ft) in depth. However, below 914 m (3000 ft) very saline or briny waters occur at most of the localities sampled. The geochemistry of the shallow waters shows gradual increases in concentration for most elements; locally effects from the proximity of sulphide ores or drill hole grouting were observed. Isotopic data ( 2 H, 18 O, and tritium) indicate that the major component of these waters is less than 30 years of age and represents local meteoric waters. The saline waters have dissolved loads often in excess of 200 g∙L −1 and are dominated by calcium and chloride. The chemistry and isotopic contents of the Sudbury brines are very distinct from highly saline waters or brines of sedimentary or geothermal origin. The brines appear to represent very old, stagnant "groundwaters," which may have undergone prolonged chemical and isotopic alteration since their original emplacement. At the present a variety of possible origins for the deep Sudbury waters can be postulated, but most models for brine formation found in the literature are unsatisfactory to explain the origin and genesis of these deep Canadian Shield brines.
Brine
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The Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, mostly over 4,000 m above sea level, is well known as roof of the world. In order to study oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of meteoric waters in the Xizang Plateau Region and their relationship with altitudes, we made a survey to Xizang starting from Guiyang during 1979 from July to October, and 78 meteoric water samples were collected at different altitudes, including brook, well, lake, snow, tim, spring and running waters (Fig. 1 ). The sample localities and altitudes, and the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of water samples are shown in Tables 1--3.
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Compositions of major dissolved components and of boron isotopes were investigated for hot spring waters in Ibusuki and adjacent areas (the Ibusuki region), Kyushu, Japan. The chemical compositions of the hot spring waters examined were consistent with the previous contention that major dissolved components of hot spring waters in the region are the resultant of the interaction of seawater with heated rocks underground. The δ11B values (relative to the isotopic ratio of NBS SRM 951) of the hot spring waters ranged from +2.1‰ to +39.4‰. A close inspection of the boron isotopic data identified two boron sources; one is seawater with a δ11B value of +39‰ and the other is volcanic gases with a δ11B value of ca. +6‰, which supply hot spring waters with boron with δ11B = ca. +2‰.
Hot spring
Isotopes of boron
Isotope Geochemistry
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Monthly variation of δD and δ18O of two fumarolic condensates, five hot spring waters, two stream waters, and meteoric precipitation at the Nasudake volcanic area of Japan was measured. There was no remarkable variation with time in the isotopic ratios of the samples except for meteoric precipitation and for one of the hot spring waters. The δD and δ18O of meteoric precipitation showed seasonal change with summer maximum and winter minimum. The δD and δ18O of the stream waters and two of the hot spring waters were identical with those of average precipitation. On the basis of this fact and by using a simple mixing reservoir model, the residence time of precipitation water under the ground was calculated to be not shorter than a few years. Precipitation did not directly affect the isotopic ratios of volcanic waters. A general feature of the δD versus δ18O diagram for the above samples was similar to that for the samples obtained from worldwide geothermal systems, namely, thermal waters exhibited oxygen isotopic shift. Deuterium content of thermal waters was found to be higher than that of surface waters by 7‰ on the average. This slight enrichment of deuterium was inferred to be due to subsurface clay formation.
δ18O
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The investigated Mongolian lakes are marked by a large range of trace element concentrations even in very small geographical areas. This work includes the data on major and trace element concentrations along of a series of samples collected in 2009 and 2012. Three geochemical types of lakes have been distinguished within the study area: (1) alkaline soda lakes, (2) chloride lakes with pH < 9.0 and Na-Cl-dominated composition, and (3) sulfate ones with pH < 8. The soda lakes show high concentrations of As, U, F and relatively low salinity. The chloride lakes have higher salinities and one of them was the most saline of all the lakes (Davsan Nuur). These lakes have higher concentrations of Li (up to 82.1 mg/L), Rb (up to 1350 mg/L), Br and Sr. Sulfate rich lakes are far less common in the area. Characteristic trace elements are Mo, Al and Sr. Thermodynamic modeling at 25°C and 1 bar total pressure was performed with the “HCh” code. We considered mineral and solution equilibria in soda lake waters and calculated the main uranium and arsenic species in solutions and bottom sediments of Shaazgay-Nuur lake to offer a possible way of As removal as an undesirable impurity in commercial products.
Trace element
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Perchlorate is a persistent and mobile contaminant in the environment with both natural and anthropogenic sources. Stable isotope ratios of oxygen (δ18O, Δ17O) and chlorine (δ37Cl) along with the abundance of the radioactive isotope 36Cl were used to trace perchlorate sources and behavior in the Laurentian Great Lakes. These lakes were selected for study as a likely repository of recent atmospheric perchlorate deposition. Perchlorate concentrations in the Great Lakes range from 0.05 to 0.13 μg per liter. δ37Cl values of perchlorate from the Great Lakes range from +3.0‰ (Lake Ontario) to +4.0‰ (Lake Superior), whereas δ18O values range from −4.1‰ (Lake Superior) to +4.0‰ (Lake Erie). Great Lakes perchlorate has mass-independent oxygen isotopic variations with positive Δ17O values (+1.6‰ to +2.7‰) divided into two distinct groups: Lake Superior (+2.7‰) and the other four lakes (∼+1.7‰). The stable isotopic results indicate that perchlorate in the Great Lakes is dominantly of natural origin, having isotopic composition resembling that measured for indigenous perchlorate from preindustrial groundwaters of the western USA. The 36Cl/Cl ratio of perchlorate varies widely from 7.4 × 10–12 (Lake Ontario) to 6.7 × 10–11 (Lake Superior). These 36ClO4– abundances are consistent with an atmospheric origin of perchlorate in the Great Lakes. The relatively high 36ClO4– abundances in the larger lakes (Lakes Superior and Michigan) could be explained by the presence of 36Cl-enriched perchlorate deposited during the period of elevated atmospheric 36Cl activity following thermonuclear bomb tests in the Pacific Ocean.
Perchlorate
Natural abundance
δ18O
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Mineral resource classification
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Lead (geology)
Annual cycle
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The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is an area where a large number of salt lakes are distributed.We have collected several hundred samples of natural waters over the Plateau since 1976 and carried out researches on their hydrogen and oxygen isotopes.The results indicate that the δD and δ~(18)O values of the salt lake waters over the Plateau range from -64.1 to+12.4‰ and from-11.19 to+8.62‰, respectively. From the different types of surfaces,ground and lake waters of various salinities it is inferred that the compositions of H and O isotopes in the initial water of Qinghai Lake are δD=-55.0‰ and δ~(18)O=-10.0‰;and those in the original water from the lakes in northern Xizang are δD=-116.0‰ and δ~(18)O=-16.2‰.Brines in the salt lakes are derived from rain water through prolonged cir- culation.Oilfield water also makes some contribution to the salt lakes in the Qaidam Basin.Similar slopes of evaporation lines of water isotopes are noticed for the Qinghai Lake area and northern Xizang.This is attributed to the evolution of the isotopes in these water bodies in an environment of middle latitude and high elevation.
Qinghai lake
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Alkalinity
Lithology
Granitic rock
Basement
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