PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS ON FOUR SPECIES OF TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia zilli, Sarotherodon galilaeus, Sarotherodon melanotheron) IN NIGERIA
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An investigation into evolutionary history of four species of Tilapia species was carried out as a taxonomy tool to relate most tilapia species found within the Nigerian waters. These species are (Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia zilli, Sarotherodon galilaeus, Sarotherodon melanotheron). Blood samples from the four species of tilapia were collected and preserved on Fast Technology for Analysis (FTA) cards for DNA extraction and PCR amplification. The various nucleotide sequences of the four Tilapia species found in the Mitochondria D-loop region were copied and aligned with the use of BioEdit and Mega 6.0 softwares. Three phylogenetic trees were drawn to show the evolutionary relationship amongst the four species of tilapia. The results indicated that Sarotherodon galilaeus and Sarotherodon melanotheron are sister texa and share a common ancestor with Oreochromis niloticus. Tilapia zilli is an out group which is the most distantly related to the three species (Oreochromis niloticus, Sarotherodon galilaeus Sarotherodon melanotheron). Tilapia zilli (Israel) and Tilapia zilli are sister texa and share a common ancestor in Tilapia sparmanii. The study also revealed ancestry relationship among other species of fish Cyprinus caprio and Clarias gariepinus formed a clade with the three tilapia species (Tilapia zilli, Tilapia zilli (Israel) and Tilapia sparmanii), which share an unknown but common ancestor.A study was carried out to determine the effect of two genetic qualities of 'tilapia nilotica' (Oreochromis niloticus), one local and another introduced, on the production of larva during 45 days of cycle. The investigation was conducted in the 'UnidadAcuicola Higuey' in the province of La Altagracia from October to November 2005. A completely randomized design was used, with two treatments: Tl = local tilapia, and Tll = introduced tilapia, with five and six repetitions, respectively. The experimental units were eleven ponds of 375 m2. A sexual proportion of 1.5:1 was used (females: male) for a density of sows of 0.5 ej /m2 and an average weight of 61 and 60 g, respectively. The variable measured was the production of larva. There were significant differences among the treatments. For the dependable variable total production, treatment II (mean = 160,283) significantly outyielded (prob>t = 0.0036) treatment I (mean = 132,687), value t = -3.91. We conclude that the introduced tilapia significantly outperformed the local tilapia; for each larva of local tilapia, 1.5 of the introduced tilapia was produced. For the reproduction/adaptation trait we denominated the populations as follows: good genetic quality for the introduced tilapia and bad genetic quality for the local tilapia.
Nile tilapia
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In the development of tilapia industry,excellent quality of tilapia fry is a key point to guarantee the rapid growth rate and good economical benefits of marketable fish.At present,the domestic fry market is increasing rapidly,but the tilapia fry are on various levels of quality.The hybrids of Oreochromis niloticus♀ × O.aureus♂ are one of the most popular commercial types for tilapia farmers,because of rapid growth rate,strong resistance to disease and low temperature for the hybrids.But due to complex origin of the fry parents,the hybrid effects and the cultured benefits are being reduced greatly.Therefore choosing superior hybrid combination of different parental strains is essential.In order to understand and utilize heterosis and select the perfect hybrid subgroups of combinations,differences of growth characters among numerous subgroups should be objectively evaluated.In our research,two strains of Oreochromis niloticus(XX,EE strain) and two strains of O.aureus(ZZ,AA strain) and their hybrid subgroups of Oreochromis niloticus♀ × O.aureus♂(XZ,EZ,ZA,XA) were produced and injected with RFID electronic tags to track and measure growth characteristics for comparative analysis.All the tilapia parents came from technology research center of national tilapia industrial system,which was one of the most important tilapia breeding bases in China.All the fry of combinations except ZZ strain had been hatched out,fifty individuals of each combination were picked out for our analysis.All the individuals for analysis were cultivated in the same pond and fed twice daily,the air pump had been installed in the pond.The results showed that the male ratios of XZ,XA,EZ,EA subgroups were 96.0%,94.0%,98.0%,95.7%,while the ratios of XX,EE,AA strains are 58.0%,66.0%,52.0%,respectively.After 380 days of cultivation,at least four morphological characteristics such as total length,standard length,head length and body depth of four hybrid subgroups were significantly more than those of their parental strains(P0.05),while there were more advantages of growth rate in hybrid tilapia subgroups than parental strains.Meanwhile,there was significant difference(P0.05) in growth characteristics among the four hybrid subgroups.Significant correlations were existed in body weight and other morphological characteristics,the correlation coefficients between body weight and caudal peduncle length(0.690-0.846) were obviously lower than that between body weight and total length,standard length,body depth and body width.Data on body weight and morphological characteristics were used for principal component analysis,the characteristics including body weight,total length,head length,body depth,caudal peduncle length,caudal peduncle depth and body width were divided by standard length.In order to eliminate the influence of differences in body size among the tilapia individuals,we obtained seven proportion characteristics including BS,TS,HS,BDS,CLS,CDS and BWS respectively.In the characteristic coefficients plots of principal components factor scores,those seven proportion characteristics were divided into two groups,the first group concluded BS,BDS,CDS and BWS,the other concluded TS,HS and CLS.We draw a scatter plot through the score coefficients of tilapia individuals in principal component factors PCR1 and PCR2.In the plot the individuals of AA strain could obviously differentiated from other subgroups.
Aquaculture of tilapia
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Nile tilapia
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A feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzyme on the performance of hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus.Five hundred and sixty fish were randomly allotted to four groups with 7 replicates each and fed rations with different levels of NSP-enzyme(0,0.1,0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg feed).The results showed that 1) supplement of NSP-enzyme in the hybrid tilapia diet had significantly increased specific growth rate(SGR) and feed conversion rate(FCR)(P0.05);2) the phagocytic function of tilapia leucocytes,serum bactericidal activities,and lysozyme activities of the hybrid tilapia tissues were improved significantly with the supplement of NSP-enzyme(P0.05).
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Abstract The effects of dietary yeast culture (YC) or short‐chain fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS) on intestinal autochthonous bacterial communities in juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus ♀× Oreochromis aureus ♂ were studied by 16S rDNA denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Ninety Tilapias in tanks (10 fish per tank) were randomly and equally divided into three groups. At the end of an 8‐wk feeding period of CK (the control treatment), YC (3 g/kg), or FOS (1 g/kg), autochthonous gut bacteria were analyzed in intestinal samples of all fish in each tank of a recirculating aquaculture system. The clear differences in the banding patterns indicated the obvious effects of dietary prebiotics on intestinal communities in hybrid tilapia. Higher variation was detected within the dietary YC group. This difference might be due to the effects of certain immune‐stimulating agents in YC on the immunity response of hybrid tilapia. It was concluded that dietary prebiotics, YC, and FOS obviously affected the intestinal bacterial community in hybrid tilapia with different patterns for different kinds.
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Nile tilapia
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A multi-cycle recovery growth experiment on hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis aureus × Oreochromis niloticus, was carried out to determine the effects of compensatory growth after starvation . When the experiment finished, hybrid tilapia , Oreochromis aureus × Oreochromis niloticus, could only gain partial compensatory growth alter 96-day starvation - recovery growth. The partial compensatory growth was mainly caused by increasing feeding rate. After 96 days, the viscera indexes., condition factors and biochemical compositions in fishes that were starved for 1-4 days were similar to those in control group, however, those of fishes that were starved for 8 days still had significant difference to those in control group.
Compensatory growth (organ)
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In this study,the acute toxicity experiments(including touching test,injection test and oral test) were conducted on tilapia(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus) to investigate the effects of melamine on tilapia.Results showed,the solubility of melamine was low and the 96 h LC503 500 mg/L at 27 ℃;the LD50 of tilapia in injection test was 1 311.90 mg/kg,and the confidence limitation of LD50 95 % was 1 169.06～1 472.21 mg/kg;in oral test,21 d NOAEL(no-observed-adverse-effect-level) for melamine in tilapia was 31.00 mg/(kg·d).
Nile tilapia
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