Accidental detection of Brugia spp. from a feline heartworm survey in Khon Kaen province
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Filarioidea
Accidental
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Opisthorchiasis
Opisthorchis viverrini
Opisthorchis
Paratenic
Lethargy
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The aim of this study was to characterize Leucocytozoon caulleryi from backyard chickens in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand.Tissue samples were collected from backyard chickens suspected to have leucocytozoonosis and subjected to histopathology examination. The BLAST Tool at NCBI GenBank (Basic Local Alignment Research Tools) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST) was used to identify the nucleotide sequence of the partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox I) gene. A Phylogenetic tree for analysis of L. caulleryi was constructed by using MEGA 7.0 software (https://www.megasoftware.net/).The necropsy results revealed the subcutaneous hemorrhages of pectoral muscles, multifocal hemorrhages of the thymus and pectoral muscles, hemorrhage of the proventriculus and peritoneal cavity, and megaloschizonts of the pancreas and intestine, including subcapsular hemorrhages of the liver. Microscopic examination revealed numerous megaloschizonts of Leucocytozoon spp. in the pectoral muscles, intestine, pancreas, and thymus. Molecular analysis of the partial cox I gene showed that the causal agent was closely related to L. caulleryi reported in Japan.From these results, L. caulleryi was determined to be the causal agent of leucocytozoonosis and was closely associated with L. caulleryi reported in Japan.
Histopathology
Leucocytozoon
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Anaplasma platys is a blood parasite that infects platelets, causing thrombocytopenia. Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks are believed to transmit A. platys. To identify A. platys, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has proven to be an effective diagnostic tool. In this study, the molecular prevalence of A. platys infection in dogs was investigated for the 1st time in the Khon Kaen region of Thailand. The association between risk factors and A. platys infection was also evaluated.A total of 130 blood samples were collected from dogs in Khon Kaen, Thailand. DNA from the samples was extracted and nested PCR was applied for molecular analysis. Platelet count and packed cell volume (PCV) levels were measured. Platelet counts were categorized into four grades: Non-thrombocytopenia (platelets >200,000 cells/μL), mild thrombocytopenia (platelets 150,000-200,000 cells/μL), moderate thrombocytopenia (platelets 100,000-150,000 cells/μL), and severe thrombocytopenia (platelets <100,000 cells/μL). Four categories for PCV levels of >37%, 30-37%, 20-29%, and <20% were defined as no anemia, mild anemia, moderate anemia, and severe anemia, respectively. DNA sequencing was analyzed using BTSeq™ (Barcode-Tagged Sequencing; CELEMICS, Seoul, South Korea) for similarity index.Among the 130 samples, 9 (6.9%) were positive for A. platys infection. There was an association between low platelet count and infection (p<0.05). PCV level was also associated with A. platys infection (p<0.05). DNA sequencing results of the nine positive samples showed similarity to known sequences of A. platys with 99.36-100% nucleotide identity. These results suggested low genetic diversity in A. platys infecting dogs in the Khon Kaen area.By amplifying 16S rRNA, A. platys infection was detected in the blood of Thai dogs. Further work should be performed to identify risk factors potentially associated with A. platys infection in dogs in Khon Kaen. Other related factors should also be considered, such as location and breeding, as well as the environmental characteristics of each locality. In addition, sampling a larger number of animals may reveal predictors for the positivity of A. platys in dogs in this region.
Anaplasmosis
Blood smear
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Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease that is a major public health problem in tropical countries caused by flagellate protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Domestic animals and wild rodents have been reported as natural reservoir hosts. Thailand is a non-endemic area for leishmaniasis but human cases have been reported sporadically, particularly in southern Thailand. The objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of Leishmania infection in domestic animals in southern Thailand. Blood samples from 519 dogs, 250 cats, 113 rats, 19 shrews, 125 cattle, 95 buffaloes and spleen samples from 45 rats and 19 shrews were collected in Songkhla and Satun provinces. Seroreactivity to the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) was found in 2.7% (14/519) of the dogs while 5.6% (14/250) of the cats were positive using ELISA. There were significant differences between positive samples based on adult age group in dogs and cats (χ2= 5.396, P= 0.020, χ2= 8.304, P = 0.004, respectively) and for the outdoor group in cats (χ2= 6.956, P= 0.008). The results found low seroprevalence of Leishmania infection in both dogs and cats, but they could be natural reservoir hosts for leishmaniasis in southern Thailand.
Seroprevalence
Direct agglutination test
Natural reservoir
Canine leishmaniasis
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This study aimed to detect the prevalence of intestinal parasites in cats by fecal examination.A total of 100 fecal samples were collected from owned and stray cats in the Kırıkkale province. Epidemiological data on the sampled cats (e.g., age, race, and sex) were recorded. The samples were macroscopically investigated for the presence of cestode proglottids. The fecal smears were stained with Giemsa and Carbol fuchsin stains. The samples were prepared by centrifugal flotation with a saturated sugar solution. The slides were examined using light microscopy.Parasites were detected in 47% of feces of cats examined. Protozoa (Isospora spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.) oocysts, gravid proglottid of cestode (Joyeuxiella spp.), and nematode (Toxocara spp. and hookworm) eggs were present in the fecal samples. In this study, 48.9% of cats were infected with one species, and 44.6% and 6.3% of cats were infected with two and three species, respectively. The more prevalent parasite species were Isospora spp. (65.9%) and Toxocara spp. (48.9%). The parasites were found to be more common in stray cats.Intestinal parasites were highly prevalent in the cats examined in this study. House cats can have significant parasitic infections, particularly because they are allowed outdoors. House cats should be regularly examined by a veterinarian.
Isospora
Toxocara cati
Capillaria
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To determine the current reservoir status and prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in endemic areas, 78 dogs and 22 cats were sampled for fecal examination in 3 villages along the Chi River in Khon Kaen Province, northeastern Thailand. Sex, age, color, identifiable markings, subjective body condition scores (BCS) and diet were recorded and analyzed. Fecal samples were evaluated using direct smear and modified formalin-ethyl acetate fecal assays. All parasites found were identified. In dogs and cats, the prevalences of O. viverrini infection were 3.8% and 36.4%, respectively. The highest prevalences of parasitic infection in both dogs and cats were Ancylostoma spp, in 64.1% and 77.3%, respectively. These results provide insight into the role of the canines and felines in maintaining the presence of O. viverrini eggs in the environment. If similar patterns occur on a broader scale, the zoonotic role of dogs and cats in the epidemiology of this disease should be considered in the development of improved control and education programs.
Opisthorchis viverrini
Opisthorchiasis
Opisthorchis
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Dirofilaria immitis causes heartworm disease, a chronic and potentially fatal cardiopulmonary disease which mainly affects dogs and cats. It is present in most of Spain, due to favourable climatic factors. Madrid, located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, is the most highly populated city in the country. There is a lack of current data on canine heartworm and there are no published epidemiological data regarding feline heartworm in this region, therefore the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and current distribution of canine and feline dirofilariosis in the province of Madrid.Serum samples from 1716 dogs and 531 cats, from animals living in the metropolitan area of Madrid and adjacent areas, were studied. All the samples, either from cats and dogs, were tested for circulating D. immitis antigens using a commercial immunochromatographic test kit. Furthermore, to establish the seroprevalence of heartworm infection in cats, serological techniques for anti-D. immitis and anti-Wolbachia antibody detection were used.Prevalence of D. immitis in the canine population of Madrid was 3%, showing an increase in comparison to previous data. The presence of heartworm in the city centre could be influenced by the presence of Urban Heat Islands, while the positive dogs from metropolitan and adjacent areas were mainly located under the influence of rivers. Regarding cats, 0.2% were positive to the antigens test and 7.3% were seropositive to both anti-D. immitis and Wolbachia surface protein antibodies, which demonstrate the presence of feline heartworm in Madrid. Seropositive cats were present in the same areas where positive dogs were found. Indoor/outdoor cats showed the highest seroprevalence whereas the lowest corresponded to indoor cats, demonstrating that prophylactic treatments should be carried out regardless of lifestyle. Infection was found in 2.2% of dogs and 6.7% of the cats < 1 year-old, which indicates that early preventive campaigns in puppies and kittens should be implemented.The results point to the need for adequate prophylactic measures through the administration of macrocyclic lactones in animals living in Madrid. Veterinarians should be aware of the presence of this disease and include heartworm in the differential diagnosis when a pet presents with symptoms compatible with D. immitis.
Seroprevalence
Parasitology
Dirofilariasis
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