HIV-Stigma in Nigeria: Review of Research Studies, Policies, and Programmes
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Nigeria has about 3.8 million people living with HIV, the second largest globally. Stigma and discrimination are major barriers to testing, treatment uptake, and adherence. In this review, we synthesized information on research studies, policies, and programmes related to HIV-stigma in Nigeria. This was with a view to identify critical areas that research and programmes must address in order to accelerate the progress towards zero (new infections, discrimination, and death) target by year 2030. Existing studies were mostly devoted to stigma assessment using varieties of measures. Research, policies, and programmes in the past two decades have made very useful contributions to stigma reduction. We identified the need for a consistent, valid, and objective measure of stigma at different levels of the HIV response. Nigeria does not lack relevant policies; what needs to be strengthened are design, planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of context-specific stigma reduction programmes.Keywords:
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Although obesity has been shown to contribute to certain types of health problems, antifat stigma is also a threat to health. Antifat stigma adds both psychological and physiologic stress to people who are considered excessively fat, which some experts argue partially accounts for health disparities
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HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination together have long been recognized as one of the main obstacles in the prevention, care, and treatment of HIV and AIDS. Yet, little has been done on a large scale to combat them. Stigma still precludes many in need of treatment and care for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). The purpose of this study was to assess the social stigma among PLHIV and the factors influencing it.This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among four hundred PLHIV attending the antiretroviral therapy (ART) center of a tertiary care institute of Haryana, India, using a semi-structured questionnaire and Berger Stigma Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 software to explore the relationship between a dependent (social stigma score) and other independent variables.The overall mean stigma score in our study was found to be 110.96 ± 17.05. The stigma score in the male PLHIV was higher than in females. Male gender, younger age group (18-25 years), nuclear family, and rural residents PLHIV experienced more stigma as showed by the logistic regression analysis.Stigma and discrimination are a continuous deterrent for program implementation or successful outcomes. Education, behavior change strategies, and building supportive environments to the targeted population (young, single, and rural residents) can provide a roadmap in ending stigma and discrimination.
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COVID-19 infection has been recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Efforts to prevent the spread of the disease are threatened by the appearance of disease-associated social stigma in society. In Egypt, a small wave of stigma directed at different groups started to appear. Here we report the features of COVID-19 associated stigma in Egypt and suggest recommendations to overcome this stigma before it grows and have physical and psychological impacts on the society.
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People with HIV AIDS (PLWHA) often experience stigma, the stigma that occurs among them is verbalstatement and the act of keeping PLWHA away from social activities, stigma can disrupt the social roleof PLWHA. Stigma can come from anyone including health workers. PLWHA need actions to eliminatethe stigma that occurs,so that PLWHA can live as other individuals without getting stigma. The purposeof the review literature is to identify the forms and sources of stigma that occur in PLWHA and effortsto eliminate stigma against PLWHA. The author finds journals that are relevant to the problem by usingstigma keywords, health workers, HIV AIDS, and people with HIV AIDS. Journals were obtained fromthe Science Direct, Proquest, SagePub, and Scopus databases with 54 journals and 14 journals fulfillingthe criteria for analysis.Journal analysis states that various efforts have been made to solve the problem ofstigma against PLWHA, this effort includes the entry of HIV into health care work programs, the sourceof stigma from health workers requires special attention, because health workers should be promotersto eliminate stigma,necessary increasing the knowledge and expertise of health workers in handling andtreating PLWHA. So that officers can become promoters in eliminating stigma against PLWHA
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To study the prevalence of HIV-related stigma and the effect of stigma on HIV treatment adoption among PLWHA attending HIV treatment locations in some selected states in the North-West geopolitical zone of Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted (using structured questionnaires) among PLWHA in three selected states in the North-West geopolitical zone of Nigeria and Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The multiple logistic regressions analysis was used to determine factors associated with HIV-related stigma and adoption of HIV treatment. It was found that 71(21.3%), 88(26.3%) and 43(12.8%) of the participants were facing HIV-related stigma from their place of works, the public and their family members. Also, the results of the logistic regressions show that PLWHA who have no formal education and those with primary education were less likely to face stigma from the public (OR-0.212; 95% CI-0.064–0.702; p < 0.05) and their employers (OR-0.236; 95% CI-0.072–0.775; p < 0.05) respectively. Although majority of the participants claimed not to be facing any form of HIV-related stigma, the prevalence of HIV-related stigma observed (job related stigma – 21.3%, stigma from the public – 26.3% and stigma from family members-12.8%) among the participants in this study still calls for concern.
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This column describes strategic stigma change (SSC), which comprises five principles and corresponding practices developed as a best practice to erase prejudice and discrimination associated with mental illness and promote affirming behaviors and social inclusion. SSC principles represent more than ten years of insights from the National Consortium on Stigma and Empowerment. The principles, which are centered on consumer contact that is targeted, local, credible, and continuous, were developed to inform the growth of large-scale social marketing campaigns supported by governments and nongovernmental organizations. Future social marketing efforts to address stigma and the need for evidence to determine SSC's penetration and impact are also discussed. (Psychiatric Services 62:824–826, 2011)
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Examining the impact of HIV-related stigma in people living with HIV: a systematic literature review
The last 20 years have seen an improvement in access to anti-retroviral (ARVs) drugs for people living with HIV leading to improvement in health outcomes. However, despite achieving this milestone HIV stigma has continued to hamper the health outcomes of people living with HIV. This study aimed to undergo a systematic review exploring the impact of HIV stigma on people living with HIV. A systematic literature review of both quantitative and qualitative studies published between 2017 and 2021 was undertaken using the following databases: CINAHL Plus, Embase, Google Scholar, Medline, and Scopus. Reference lists from relevant studies and websites of relevant sexual health and HIV organisations were also searched. The primary search terms were “HIV and stigma” combined with “impact” or with “discrimination”, “internalised stigma” and “lack of esteem”, or “mental health” or “caused by HIV sigma” in communities, “HIV and discrimination”, “impact of HIV stigma”. Six articles were included for review and analysed using constant comparative analysis. The review identified six broad themes (lack of adherence, internalised HIV stigma, discrimination, lack of self-esteem, public stereotyping, and non-disclosure) factors having a significant influence on people living with HIV. Perceived stigma towards people living with HIV has a negative effect on health outcomes of people living with the condition. The findings of our study highlight that public stereotyping and perceived stigma in the community are the major factors impacting people living with HIV.
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<p>HIV continues to be a stigmatized disease, despite significant advances in care and concerted effort to reduce discrimination, stereotypes, and prejudice. Living with HIV is often associated with a multitude of overlapping and intersecting experiences which can, in and of themselves, also be stigmatized, and which may exacerbate HIV-related stigma. The consequences of these stigmatizing experiences are particularly impactful when the stigmatizing individual is a health care provider, as this can influence access to and quality of care. The current study empirically investigates a model of overlapping stigmas (homophobia, racism, sexism, stigma against injection drug use and stigma against sex work) potentially held by health care provider trainees in Canada to determine how these constructs overlap and intersect, and to assess whether HIV-related stigma may have unique attributes. Understanding overlapping stigmas can help inform targeted, stigma-informed training for health care trainees in order to provide effective, compassionate care for people living with HIV.</p>
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A diagnosis of dementia profoundly impacts a person in terms of both the functional progression of the disease and the social stigma associated with the diagnosis. A growing body of research demonstrates the effectiveness of innovative programs such as the Alzheimer's Poetry Project
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