Virus and Antibody Dynamics in Travelers With Acute Zika Virus Infection
Luisa BarzonElena PercivalleMonia PacentiFrancesca RovidaMaurizio ZavattoniPaola Del BravoAnna Maria CattelanGiorgio PalùFausto Baldanti
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To improve our understanding of the natural history of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in humans, we described the dynamics of ZIKV RNA shedding in different body fluids and antibody responses in patients with acute infection. Twenty-nine adults with travel-associated infection and 1 case of sexual transmission were enrolled and followed up with weekly ZIKV RNA testing in blood, urine, saliva, and semen samples and antibody testing. ZIKV RNA was detected in plasma, urine, and saliva of 57%, 93.1%, and 69.2% of participants, with estimated median times to clearance of 11.5 days (interquartile range [IQR] 6–24 days), 24 days (IQR, 17–34), and 14 days (IQR, 8–31), respectively. In 2 pregnant women, ZIKV RNA persisted in blood until delivery of apparently healthy infants. ZIKV RNA was detected in semen of 5 of 10 tested men; median time to clearance was 25 days (IQR 14–29), and the longest time of shedding in semen was 370 days. In flavivirus-naive patients, the median times to detection of ZIKV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1)–specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were estimated as 8 days (IQR, 5–15 days) and 17 days (IQR, 12–26 days), respectively. ZIKV NS1 IgM antibodies were undetectable in patients with previous dengue. Prolonged viremia and ZIKV RNA shedding in urine, saliva, and semen occur frequently in patients with acute ZIKV infection. At the time of diagnosis, about half of patients are ZIKV IgM negative. ZIKV NS1 IgM antibodies remain undetectable in patients with previous dengue. Estimates of the times to viral clearance and seroconversion are useful to optimize diagnostic algorithms.Keywords:
Zika Virus
Viremia
Interquartile range
Sexual transmission
Viral Shedding
Immunoglobulin M
CDC issued interim guidance for the prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus on February 5, 2016. The following recommendations apply to men who have traveled to or reside in areas with active Zika virus transmission and their female or male sex partners. These recommendations replace the previously issued recommendations and are updated to include time intervals after travel to areas with active Zika virus transmission or after Zika virus infection for taking precautions to reduce the risk for sexual transmission. This guidance defines potential sexual exposure to Zika virus as any person who has had sex (i.e., vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, or fellatio) without a condom with a man who has traveled to or resides in an area with active Zika virus transmission. This guidance will be updated as more information becomes available.
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Abstract In December 2013, during a Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in French Polynesia, a patient in Tahiti sought treatment for hematospermia, and ZIKV was isolated from his semen. ZIKV transmission by sexual intercourse has been previously suspected. This observation supports the possibility that ZIKV could be transmitted sexually.
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【Objective】 To understand the dynamics of viremia,virus shedding and antibody responses in chickens inoculated with avian leukosis vrius subgroup J(ALV-J) and provide essential epidemiological data for prevention and eradicationo of ALV-J infection.【Method】 Viremia,virus shedding and antibody response were successively measured after inoculation with ALV-J strain HN0001 intraperitoneally,orally or in contact in SPF chickens at 1 day and 49 days.【Result】 The dynamics of viremia and antiboty responses were very different in chickens inoculated with ALV-J at different ages.Viremia and p27 in cloaca swabs started to be detected from the 2nd week after inoculation with ALV-J at 1-day-old.In the group inoculated intraperitoneally with ALV-J,71%(5/7) continuously demonstrated viremia and p27-shedding.Viremia and virus shedding lasted for at least 45 weeks in 3 chickens.Among them,only 1 chicken showed transient antibody reaction at 16-week-old,another 2 were in tolerant viremia without any antibody reactions.In the group inoculated orally with ALV-J,11%(1/9) demonstrated persistant viremia and p27-shedding but no antibody response,44%(4/9) showed transient viremia or p27-shedding,and then antibody responses from 8-week-old.No control bird kept in contact with inoculated birds in the same isolators demonstrated viremia or p27-shedding,and also no antibody responses.It indicated there was no horizontal infection.In chickens intraperitoneally inoculated with ALV-J at 49-day-old,neither viremia nor p27-shedding were detected in 5 separate testing during the 19th week after inoculation,but antibody reaction started to be detected 1 week after inoculation.In the orally inoculated chickens or the contacted control chicken,all samples were negative in vriremia,p27-shedding and antibody reactions.【Conclusion】 Inoculation with ALV-J at 1-day-old easily induced immune tolerence,chickens inoculated demonstrated persistant viremia or p27-shedding,but no antibody reactions.Chickens inoculated with ALV-J at 49-day-old,antibody could detected 1 week after inoculation,but no viremia and p27-shedding were detected.Inoculation routes significantly influenced the dynamic variety of ALV-J inoculation,intraperitoneally injection induced higher viremia levels and increased percentages with tolerant viremia when compared to oral inoculation.
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Zika Virus
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Microcephaly
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Zika virus infection has been linked to increased risk for Guillain-Barré syndrome and adverse fetal outcomes, including congenital microcephaly. In January 2016, after notification from a local health care provider, an investigation by Dallas County Health and Human Services (DCHHS) identified a case of sexual transmission of Zika virus between a man with recent travel to an area of active Zika virus transmission (patient A) and his nontraveling male partner (patient B). At this time, there had been one prior case report of sexual transmission of Zika virus. The present case report indicates Zika virus can be transmitted through anal sex, as well as vaginal sex. Identification and investigation of cases of sexual transmission of Zika virus in nonendemic areas present valuable opportunities to inform recommendations to prevent sexual transmission of Zika virus.
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Abstract Objective —To determine rapidity of spread and onset and duration of viremia, virus shedding, and antibody production in parrots naturally infected with avian polyomavirus (APV). Design —Case series. Animals —92 parrots in 2 aviaries. Procedure —Blood samples were obtained from parrots naturally exposed to APV during a 3- to 4-month period for determination of serum virus neutralizing antibody and detection of viral DNA. Nestlings from the next year's hatch were monitored for APV infection. Results —The first indication of inapparent infection was viremia, which developed simultaneously with or was followed within 1 week by cloacal virus shedding and antibody production. Cloacal virus shedding continued after viremia ceased. During viremia, viral DNA was detected continuously in blood samples. Viral DNA was detected in serial cloacal swab specimens in most birds, but it was detected inconsistently in 6 birds and not detected in 3 birds, even though these birds were viremic. Duration of cloacal virus shedding was ≤ 4.5 months. In 1 aviary, prevalence of infection was 88% and dissemination of virus through the 3-room building required 4.5 months. In the second aviary, a single-room nursery, prevalence of infection was ≥ 90%. For all affected birds, infection could be detected 18 days after the first death. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance —If a single sampling is used for polymerase chain reaction detection of viral DNA, blood and cloacal swab specimens are required. In nestling nonbudgerigar parrots, cloacal virus shedding may persist for 4.5 months. Management protocols alone are sufficient to prevent introduction of APV into a nursery. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:32–36)
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Following the recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in Latin America, ZIKV has emerged as a global health threat due to its ability to induce neurological disease in both adults and the developing fetus. ZIKV is largely mosquito-borne and is now endemic in many parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. However, several reports have demonstrated persistent ZIKV infection of the male reproductive tract and evidence of male-to-female sexual transmission of ZIKV. Sexual transmission may broaden the reach of ZIKV infections beyond its current geographical limits, presenting a significant threat worldwide. Several mouse models of ZIKV infection have been developed to investigate ZIKV pathogenesis and develop effective vaccines and therapeutics. However, the majority of these models focus on mosquito-borne infection, while few have considered the impact of sexual transmission on immunity and pathogenesis. This review will examine the advantages and disadvantages of current models of mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted ZIKV and provide recommendations for the effective use of ZIKV mouse models.
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Nowadays the Zika virus (ZIKV) has been one of the most studied vector-borne diseases due to the considerable outbreaks that have generated around the world as well as due to the new transmission mechanisms and health complications originated. According to statistics of the INS-Colombia for July 2016, 68% of the population infected by ZIKV (confirmed cases) are pregnant women. Furthermore, the Quindío department belongs to the states with more than 50% of the total infected persons being pregnant women. Taking into account those characteristics, a theoretical model is proposed and analyzed to describe the population dynamics considering the sexual and vectorial transmission of ZIKV, with special emphasis in the consequences of the non-vectorial transmission in the population. The obtained results with simulations through the beta parameter indicate that the probability of sexual transmission between susceptible women and infected men points out the importance of campaigns to inculcate prevention measures for the safe sexual relationships between ZIKV infected population.
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