The potential of geospatial tools: environmental risk assessment of tick-borne diseases transmission
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Tick-borne disease
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Disease Surveillance
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Vector-borne diseases like malaria represent a major public health issue worldwide. Other mosquito-borne diseases affect more and more countries and people, with effects on health which are not all identified yet. Recent developments in the field of remote-sensing allow to consider overriding the existing limits of studying such diseases in tropical regions, where cloud and vegetation cover often prevent to identify and characterize environmental features.
We highlight the potential of SAR-optical fusion for the mapping of land cover, the identification of wetlands, and the monitoring of environmental changes in different habitats related to vector-borne diseases in the French Guiana - Brazil cross-border area. This study is the foundation of a landscape-based model of malaria transmission risk. Environmental factors, together with epidemiological, socio-economic, behavioral, demographics, and entomological ones, contribute to assess risks related to such pathologies and support disease control and decision-making by local public health actors.
Land Cover
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Deforestation
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Infectious diseases have the ability to expand their geographic range, jump species, become resistant to antimicrobial agents, and have become more virulent and frequent.Increasing concern about infectious diseases has also brought about developments in statistical and predictive models of viral transmissioncontributing quantitative indicators of disease and population health worldwide.In this study, many geospatial web services and applications are built for the infectious disease surveillance.It demonstrates that geospatial technologies can support ongoing efforts in disease surveillance and control, public health planning and resource management, identification of high-risk groups, health promotion, prevention of exposures, and reduction in mortalities -with applications that can bridge the policy gap between the global North and South.
Disease Surveillance
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Vector-borne diseases pose a continuing health risk to the global population. In the United States, the spread of West Niles virus (WNV) in the past several years across the country has been alarming. Using WNV as an example, this paper demonstrates how geographic information science (GIScience) and attendant technologies in remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and spatial statistics, can be used for the surveillance and control of disease vectors in general, and specifically mosquitoes in the case of WNV. Data supporting the analyses consist of local field surveillance data, population demographic data, and remote sensing data for habitat characterisation and environmental conditions affecting mosquito vector breeding. The results of this paper provide evidence that these technologies, integrated in scientific methods, provide valuable information to formulate risk management policies and actions.
West Nile virus
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In some parts of the world, ticks are the most dangerous animals followed by mosquitoes as ectoparasites and vectors of infectious agents, causing morbidity and mortality in domestic animals including wildlife and humans. The majority of tick-borne diseases are zoonotic. The global importance of ticks and tick-borne diseases in veterinary medicine and public health keeps growing. Some ticks are invasive and transmit pathogens causing transboundary diseases of high consequence for populations of domestic animals and humans. Integrated management pursues the optimized use of compatible methods to manage pests in a way that is safe, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable. The area-wide approach augments and expands the benefits of integrated pest management strategies. Issues challenging the implementation, adoption, and viability of area-wide tick management programmes include funding and socio-political aspects, the availability of support systems related to extension and veterinary services, and stakeholder involvement. Management strategies need to adapt and integrate novel technologies to decrease significantly the use of pesticide and address the complex problem of ticks and tick-borne diseases effectively. Applying the One Health concept, the strategy to optimize health outcomes for humans, animals, and the environment, facilitates research on the interplay between climate, habitat, and hosts driving tick population dynamics. It enhances our understanding of the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases and advances their management. This overview of research for adaptive area-wide integrated management concentrates on ticks affecting livestock. Examples focus on Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini) as one of the tick disease vectors most studied worldwide. Highlights of integrated management research for ticks 252of public health importance transmitting zoonotic diseases are reviewed to document opportunities for integrated control that mitigate the health burden of tick-borne diseases on humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Implementation of the research conducted so far is needed to accelerate advancements in area-wide management of tick populations that can be applied to improve prevention across tick-borne diseases, while decreasing pesticide application and contributing to vector control globally.
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Significant global ecological changes continue to drive emergence of tick-borne zoonoses around the world. This poses an important threat to both human and animal health, and highlights the need for surveillance systems that are capable of monitoring these complex diseases effectively across different stages of the emergence process. Our objective was to develop an evidence-based framework for surveillance of emerging tick-borne zoonoses. We conducted a realist review to understand the available approaches and major challenges associated with surveillance of emerging tick-borne zoonoses. Lyme disease, with a specific focus on emergence in Canada, was used as a case study to provide real-world context, since the process of disease emergence is ongoing in this country. We synthesize the results to propose a novel framework for adaptive surveillance of emerging tick-borne zoonoses. Goals for each phase of disease emergence are highlighted and approaches are suggested. The framework emphasizes the needs for surveillance systems to be inclusive, standardized, comprehensive and sustainable. We build upon a growing body of infectious disease literature that is advocating for reform to surveillance systems. Although our framework has been developed for tick-borne zoonoses, it is flexible and has the potential to be applied to a variety of other vector-borne and zoonotic diseases.
One Health
Disease Surveillance
Tick-borne disease
Zoonotic disease
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Modelling the ecological dynamics of tick borne pathogens (TBP) must be based upon the integration of information from multiple disciplines. As an example, including genetic variability of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., into next generation matrix models suggested that conclusions from previous approaches, based upon quantitative relationships among interacting ticks and hosts, should be reconsidered. Individual-based models, such as those based on networks, by taking into account the aggregation of ticks among hosts, show that the epidemic threshold (a critical value of transmission probability, under which the TBP eventually dies out) is lower than expected based upon other methods. In a similar approach, food web models can be used to evaluate the relative importance of vertebrates in supporting the persistence of the ticks and TBP. Models can be used in the main phases of risk assessment of expanding home range of TBP: release assessment from endemic areas (potential sources of hazards for other areas), dispersal of TBP to previously free areas (exposure assessment); consequence assessment in newly invaded areas. Surveillance of introduction, and of trends of TBP following the invasion of a new area, can benefit from modelling, by investigating the relationships between indicators, such as, for example, acarological risk, and prevalence of antibodies in sentinel animals.
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Zoonotic disease
Disease Transmission
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