Periodic microstructures of blood capillaries revealed by synchrotron X-ray multi-resolution microscopic analysis
Shengkun YaoYunbing ZongXu HuangYang LiuNingqiang GongJianhua ZhangZiqing LiFeng CaoXiangcheng WangXing‐Jie LiangHuaidong Jiang
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Cardiovascular diseases are closely related to structural blood capillaries lesions. Herein, microscopic investigations of mouse blood capillaries were performed at multiple spatial resolution by using synchrotron X-ray in-line phase contrast tomography and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). The chemically fixed blood capillaries without any contrast agents were selected. For the first time, a periodic bamboo-shaped structure was observed at nanoscale resolution by STXM, and the three-dimensional tomographic slices at sub-micrometer resolution further confirmed the periodic wave profile of the blood capillaries. Then, a periodic microstructural model was suggested based on the microscopic images. By using high-performance imaging techniques, this work provides a better understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of blood capillaries, will be helpful in elucidating the causes of cardiovascular system diseases.Synchrotron radiation sources like DELTA, the Dortmund Electron Accelerator, a third generation synchrotron light source, need an optical monitoring system to measure the beam size at different points of the ring with high resolution and accuracy. These measurements also allow an investigation of the emittance of the storage ring, an important working parameter for the effiency of working beamlines with experiments using the synchrotron radiation. The resolution limits of the different types of optical synchrotron light monitors at DELTA are investigated. The minimum measurable beamsize with the normal synchrotron light monitor using visible light at DELTA is about 80 μm. Due to this a synchrotron light interferometer was built up and tested at DELTA. The interferometer uses the same beamline in the visible range. The minimum measurable beamsize is with about 8 μm one order of magnitude smaller. This resolution is sufficient for the expected small vertical beamsizes at DELTA. The electron beamsize and emittance were measured with both systems at different electron beam energies of the storage ring. The theoretical values of the present optics are smaller than the measured emittance. So possible reasons for beam movements are investigated.
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Characterization
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Improved understanding of the dynamics of runaway electrons can be obtained by measurement and interpretation of their synchrotron radiation emission. Models for synchrotron radiation emitted by relativistic electrons are well established, but the question of how various geometric effects -- such as magnetic field inhomogeneity and camera placement -- influence the synchrotron measurements and their interpretation remains open. In this paper we address this issue by simulating synchrotron images and spectra using the new synthetic synchrotron diagnostic tool SOFT (Synchrotron-detecting Orbit Following Toolkit). We identify the key parameters influencing the synchrotron radiation spot and present scans in those parameters. Using a runaway electron distribution function obtained by Fokker-Planck simulations for parameters from an Alcator C-Mod discharge, we demonstrate that the corresponding synchrotron image is well-reproduced by SOFT simulations, and we explain how it can be understood in terms of the parameter scans. Geometric effects are shown to significantly influence the synchrotron spectrum, and we show that inherent inconsistencies in a simple emission model (i.e. not modeling detection) can lead to incorrect interpretation of the images.
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The foundations and historical development of particle accelerators are presented in this article, detailing on the synchrotron, the principle of phase stability, synchrotron principle. Storage rings, synchrotrons at constant magnetic field, are introduced. For the electron synchrotron, synchrotron radiation is presented and how to exploit it with the use of undulators as X-ray sources. Radiation properties of undulators are highlighted for applications in science and industry. This motivates to present a proposal for a synchrotron radiation center for Colombia with an electron synchrotron operating as storage ring and undulators as X-ray emitters, for multiple applications for research, development and innovation in science, technology and industry. © 2014. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat. All rights reserved.
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Electron synchrotron storage rings, such as the VUV ring at the National Synchrotron Light Source, product short pulses of IR radiation suitable for investigating time-dependent phenomena in a variety of interesting experimental systems. In contrast to other pulsed sources of IR, the synchrotron produces a continuum spectral output over the entire IR (and beyond), though at power levels typically below those obtained from laser systems. The infrared synchrotron radiation source is therefore well-suited as a probe using standard FTIR spectroscopic techniques. Here we describe the pump-probe spectroscopy facility being established at the NSLS and demonstrate the technique by measuring the photocarrier decay in a semiconductor.
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Synchrotron light sources and X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) facilities are unique tools providing extremely brilliant X-rays that allow the observation of matter with atomic spatial resolution. On the one hand, synchrotron light sources consist of electron circular accelerators and produce synchrotron radiation in bending magnets and undulators. On the other hand, X-ray FEL facilities are based on electron linear accelerators and generate more coherent and shorter pulses suitable for time-resolved experiments. In this contribution we will qualitatively describe synchrotron and X-ray FEL facilities. We will start explaining some fundamental concepts related to synchrotron and FEL radiation. We will then describe the two kinds of machines, including the history and current facilities, the typical layout, and some basic concepts about the electron beam dynamics and properties.
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Since their discovery in 1896, x-rays have had a profound impact on science, medicine and technology. Here we show that the x-rays from a novel tabletop source of bright coherent synchrotron radiation can be applied to phase contrast imaging of biological specimens, yielding superior image quality and avoiding the need for scarce or expensive conventional sources.
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