Anthraquinones and flavanols isolated from the vegetable herb Rumex abyssinicus inhibit motility of Phytophthora capsici zoospores
Michel Feussi TalaMost. Waheda Rahman AnsaryFerdinand Mouafo TalontsiThéodora Kopa KowaTofazzal IslamP. Tane
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Abstract:
Many secondary metabolites derived from Rumex extracts exhibited potent activities against a panel of phytopathogens including those of Phytophthora spp. Phytochemical investigation of Rumex abyssinicus has led to the isolation of nine compounds, including one phenolic acid (1), five anthraquinones (2–6) and three flavanols (7–9). Compounds 1, 4, 6–9 are reported here from R. abyssinicus for the first time. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against zoospores of the oomycete phytopathogen Phytophthora capsici. Physcion (3) displayed strongest motility inhibitory activity with a MIC value of 15 μg mL− 1, and showed lytic activities against zoospores at 500 μg mL− 1.Keywords:
Zoospore
Oomycete
Anthraquinones
Phytochemical
Phytophthora capsici
Rumex
Allelopathy
Oomycete
Phytophthora capsici
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Zoospore
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Oomycete
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Pythium aphanidermatum
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Abstract The phylogenetic relationships within the oomycete fungi are described with emphasis placed upon the organization of their zoospores and encysted spores. On the basis of zoospore and cyst structure it is proposed that the Oomycetes fall into four main groupings. These can be reduced to two major groupings: the ‘saprolegnian clan’ and the ‘peronosporalean clan’. The former is characterized by zoospores possessing ‘encystment vesicles’, which upon zoospore settlement are released to form the outer electrondense cyst wall in which distinctive preformed hairs are embedded. This group includes almost all members of the Saprolegniales and Leptomitales, as well as many Lagcnidialian genera such as Haliphthoros, Olpidiopsis, and Lagenisma.
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Phytophthora capsici
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Using 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) as the lead compound, fourteen GA sulphonate derivatives (3a-n) were prepared by modifying its C-3 OH group, and their structures were well confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS and melting points. Moreover, we screened the anti-oomycete activity of these compounds against Phytophthora capsici by using the mycelial growth rate method. Among the fourteen GA sulphonate derivatives evaluated, four compounds 3f, 3j, 3k and 3l exhibited more potent anti-oomycete activity than that of the positive control zoxamide (EC50 = 25.17 mg/L), and had the median effective concentration (EC50) values of 23.04, 16.16, 22.55, and 13.93 mg/L, respectively. Especially compound 3l showed the best anti-oomycete activity against P. capsici with EC50 value of 13.93 mg/L. Overall, the introduction of sulfonyloxy groups at the C-3 position of GA has a significant impact on its anti-oomycete activity, and the corresponding derivative activity varies significantly with different substituents R.
Oomycete
Phytophthora capsici
EC50
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Phenylacetic acid (PAA) was evaluated for in vitro anti-oomycete activity and in vivo control efficacy against Phytophthora capsici. Microscopic observation revealed that the high level of anti-oomycete activity of PAA (10 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /ml) against P. capsici is mainly due to the lytic effect on zoospores. Zoospore lysis began in the presence of 5 u$\mu\textrm{g}$ /ml of PAA and most of the zoospores were collapsed at 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /ml. PAA showed inhibitory activity against the zoospore germination and hyphal growth of P. capsici at the concentration of 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /ml. In the glasshouse, the protective effect of PAA against Phytophthora blight was high on pepper plants when treated just before inoculation with P. capsici. In the artificially infested field, protection of pepper plants against the Phyto-phthora epidemic was achieved at a considerable level by PAA treatment.
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