Reclamation of Herb Residues Using Probiotics and Their Therapeutic Effect on Diarrhea
Fanjing MengTingtao ChenDongwen MaXin WangXiaoxiao ZhaoPuyuan TianHuan WangZhiwen HaiLiang ShenXianyao TangXiaolei WangHong‐Bo Xin
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Residues from herbal medicine processing in pharmaceutical plants create a large amount of waste (herb residues), which consists mainly of environmental pollution and medicinal waste. In order to resolve this problem, probiotics of Bacillus (B.) subtilis , Aspergillus (A.) oryzae , and Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum M3 are selected to reuse herb residue of Jianweixiaoshi tablets (JT), and an antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) mouse model was established to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the herb residue fermentation supernatant. Our results indicated that the fermentation supernatant had scavenged 77.8% of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 78% of O 2 •− , 36.7% of • OH, 39% of Fe 2+ chelation, and 716 mg/L reducing power. The inhibition zones for Salmonella (S.) typhimurium , S. enteritidis , Shigella (Sh.) flexneri , Escherichia (E.) coli , Listeria (L.) monocytogenes , Sh. dysenteriae 301, and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus were 17, 14, 19, 18, 20, 19, and 20 mm, respectively. The in vivo results indicated that the fermentation supernatant resulted in a high diarrhea inhibition rate (56%,Cite
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Heterologous expression
Heterologous
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Summary 1.In mixed peritoneal Shigella paradysenteriae-Escherichia coli infections of adult mice it has been shown that an antibiotically active E. coli will cause a reduction in the shigellae concomitantly with the in vivo secretion of antibiotic. When the E. coli partner of the mixed infection was nonantibiotic, both the shigellae and the E. coli flourished in the peritoneal cavity. 2.In contrast to this finding, in the oral infection of newborn mice with a lethally virulent E. coli strain, there was no apparent difference in the slightly reduced mortality rates obtained when the pathogen was given in combination with an antibiotically active or a nonactive E. coli strain. 3.This failure of the antibiotic E. coli to clearly protect against enteric infection in the second experimental model, was observed in spite of the fact that implantation of this strain (534) in the intestinal tract of newborn mice was demonstrated to be quite overwhelming 4.Newborn animals of two mouse strains (CF1 and CFW) were found to differ significantly in their susceptibility to lethal enteric infection with an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strain (18A10).
Escherichia coli infection
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
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Isolation of Shigella dysenteriae serotypes 11, 12, and 13 from patients with diarrhea in Bangladesh
Nine isolates of bacteria biochemically resembling Shigella dysenteriae but not belonging to the 10 recognized serotypes were isolated from patients with diarrhea in Bangladesh. Further studies suggested that two, one, and six isolates belonged to the recently recognized S. dysenteriae serotypes 11, 12, and 13, respectively.
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Sarkar , S. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge). Properties and regulation of the β- d -galactosidase in Shigella dysenteriae and in Escherichia coli-Shigella dysenteriae hybrids. J. Bacteriol. 91: 1477–1488. 1966.— Shigella dysenteriae strain 60 has a β- d -galactosidase related to that of Escherichia coli but more heat-sensitive and with a turnover number about 10 times lower. Hybridization by transduction produces strains with enzymes of intermediate properties by recombination within the z gene. Both E. coli and S. dysenteriae have a regulatory i + gene. Recombination between i − mutants of the two organisms leads to restoration of the i + genotype. In S. dysenteriae 60, most of the i − mutants are subject to genetic suppression by suppressor mutations at unlinked loci. The effect of these suppressors on the products of the suppressed i − genes is discussed.
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Release of Shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteriae 1 was found to occur after exposure to polymyxin B. The amount of toxin released was dependent on both the polymyxin concentration and time of incubation. An immunoblot characterization of the Shiga toxin released by polymyxin treatment demonstrated that it is electrophoretically similar to purified Shiga toxin and to Shiga toxin present in crude bacterial sonicates of S. dysenteriae 1 cells.
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Medicinal plants are important elements of indigenous medical system. Achyranthes aspera (family Amaranthaceae) is a plant with enormous medicinal values. The root, leaf, stem of this plant is traditionally used by the folks for treatment of a large number of diseases in different parts of the world. The aqueous extract and the methanol extract of the root contain alkaloid, steroid, terpenoid, flavonoid, saponin and reducing sugars. The toxicity studies showed the methanolic extracts are safe up to the concentration of 400 mg/mL. Both the extracts at a dose of 100 mg/mL showed significant reduction in body temperature in yeast induced pyrexia and marked reduction in plasma glucose level when tested on Wister albino rats. At the same dose level the extracts also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity on carrageenan and dextran induced rat paw edema. The methanol extract when tested against 12 different bacterial strains (including both gram negative and gram positive bacteria), it gave MIC values at 1.2 mg/mL and 1.6 mg/mL for Shigella dysenteriae 6 and Shigella dysenteriae 8 respectively where other bacterial strains were resistant to the extract. All the results support the traditional claim of the effectiveness of this medicinal herb in different ailments, infections, pyrexia, diabetes and other diseases.
Achyranthes aspera
Amaranthaceae
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