Control Of Insects On Tomato, 1995
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Abstract Transplants were planted 30 May at the O’Neall Memorial Farm, Lafayette, Indiana. Plots consisted of single rows, 30 ft long, 8 ft apart, arranged in a RCB with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using hollow cone nozzle tips and delivering 16.3 gal water/acre at 30 psi. Sprays were applied 1 Aug. Insects were counted by destructively sampling 5 whole plants in each plot on 4 Aug. Results are presented as the average number of insects per 5 plants.Keywords:
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Performance evaluation of commercially available hydraulic energy nozzles (HCN/PB, HCN/PC, HCN/PD and HCN/PE) used in manually operated sprayer was conducted to identify the suitable nozzle for low velocity air-assisted sprayer. The discharge rate, droplet size, droplet size distribution pattern and spray distribution pattern of all the types of nozzles were measured with a pressure range of 0.1 to 0.4 MPa at an interval of 0.1 MPa. It was found that with the increase in pressure from 0.1 to 0.4 MPa, the discharge rate, swath width and spray angle increased for all the four types of nozzles. At all working pressures, the discharge rate and spray width is higher for HCN/PE nozzle followed by HCN/PD, HCN/PC and HCN/PB. The discharge rate of HCN/PB nozzle (363 to 533 ml/min) was found suitable for cotton crop. For the tested pressure range (0.1 to 0.4 MPa), the HCN/PB nozzle produces best droplet size in between 100 to 150 µm, good uniformity coefficient and the maximum percentage (63.81, 64.65, 61.56 and 65.5 per cent) of volume of the droplets at 100 to 200 µm.
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Discharge coefficient
Spray characteristics
Distribution uniformity
Soil gradation
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Abstract Soybean plots were established in a commercial field located near Bridgeville, Delaware. The unreplicated plots consisted of 3-80 ft rows. Broadcast spray treatments were applied on June 27, with a wheel barrow design, CO2 sprayer which delivered 28 gal per acre at 40 psi. Plot evaluations for control were made on July 6 by examining the plants along 8 ft of row in 3 locations per treatment.
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Abstract Soybean test plots were 0.01 acre, replicated 4 times, and randomized. Sprays were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 10 gal of mixed spray per acre. Counts of live looper larvae were made 24 hr after treatment from a total of 12 ft of row from the middle two rows of each plot using the plant-shake ground-cloth method. Two tests were conducted.
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Cabbage looper
Shake
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Abstract Seven treatments were applied 22 Feb to 30-ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times in a 2-yr-old stand of alfalfa southeast of Yuma, Ariz. Spray treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.7 gal/acre at 30 psi. Control plots received 6.7 gal water/acre at 30 psi, Plots were sampled at 1, 3, and 8 DAT with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net. Ten 180° sweeps/plot were taken.
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Split plot
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Abstract Fourteen insecticides were evaluated in this test on alfalfa for control and effect on the insect fauna. Plots measuring 10 × 10 ft were utilized on the Yuma mesa. Each treatment as shown in table was replicated three times. Applications were made with a hand sprayer at 20 psi May 7 covering the treated area as uniformly as possible by using 20 seconds/plot. The amount of spray per acre was approximately 25 gal/acre.
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Table (database)
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Abstract Transplants were set 5 Sep, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15-ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 4, 12, 18, 26 Oct, 1, 7, 15, and 21 Nov. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and the gallonage was increased as the plants grew. Thus, the sprayer delivered 60 gal/acre on the first spray, 85 gal/acre the next spray, 150 gal/acre the next two sprays, and 185 gal/acre for the final four sprays. The sprayer had a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. On 7 Dec, the number of small (<0.5 inch long) and large (≥0.5 inch long) Liriomyza spp. leafmines were counted in a 1 minute search of selected treatments. Fruit were harvested on 7 and 27 Nov and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number and weight of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (primarily the southern armyworm) were determined.
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Fall armyworm
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Abstract Transplants were set 8 Sep, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand held CO2-powered sprayer on 17, 24, 31 Oct, 7, 14, 21, 28 Nov and 5 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi and the gallonage was increased as the plants grew. Thus, the sprayer delivered 90 gal/acre on the first spray, 105 gal/acre the next three sprays, 115 gal/acre the next three sprays, and 120 gal/acre for the final spray. The sprayer had a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. Fruit were harvested on 7 Dec and the numbers and weight of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (primarily the southern armyworm, S. eridania (Cramer) were determined.
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Fall armyworm
Limiting
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Abstract Transplants were set 2 Mar, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand held CO2-powered sprayer on 28 Mar, 4, 11, 17, 25 Apr, 1, 9, 16, and 22 May. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi and the gallonage was increased as the plants grew. Thus, the sprayer delivered 65 gpa the first two sprays, 90 gal/acre the next 2 sprays, 105 gal/acre the fifth spray, and 120 gal/acre for the remaining sprays. The sprayer had a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. Fruit were harvested on 30 May and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (primarily the southern armyworm, S. eridania (Cramer) and the tomato pinworm were determined.
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Plastic mulch
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Concentrate sprays gave equal or near equal control against insects and mites on pears,
prunes, peaches and almonds when compared with dilute sprays in last season's tests
in Northern California orchards. Possible advantages in the use of concentrate sprayers
include reductions in the amount of water needed and number of fills now used per
acre in dilute spraying (40 to 80 vs. 300 to 1500 gallons per acre). The amount of
pesticide used per acre can also be reduced by 25 to 40 per cent. Reductions are also
possible in time and man hours per job as well as sprayer costs and maintenance with
use of concentrate spraying equipment. No phytotoxic effects were caused by any of
the spray test applications.
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Orchard
Gallon (US)
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