Corrigendum to “Persistence of bactericidal antibodies following booster vaccination with 4CMenB at 12, 18 or 24 months and immunogenicity of a fifth dose administered at 4 years of age-a phase 3 extension to a randomised controlled trial” [Vaccine 35 (2017) 395–402]
Mildred A. IroMatthew D. SnapeMerryn VoyseySena JawadAdam FinnPaul T. HeathGianni BonaSusanna EspositoJavier Díez‐DomingoRoman PrymulaAdefowope OdueyungboDaniela ToneattoPeter DullAndrew J. Pollard
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Background: 4CMenB is immunogenic in infants and toddlers.We assessed persistence of human complement serum bactericidal activity (hSBA) following a fourth dose administered at 12, 18 or 24 months and characterised the antibody response to a fifth dose administered at 4 years of age.Methods: A phase 3, open label, multi-centre extension to a randomised controlled trial conducted in four countries (number of centres): Czech Republic (nineteen), Italy (four), Spain (four) and the United Kingdom (four).Four-year-old children who were either 4CMenB-naïve or had previously received a variety of 3-dose infant priming schedules and a booster vaccine as toddlers (follow-on group) were recruited.Venous blood samples were obtained to determine hSBA against four reference strains; acting as targets to assess immunity to each of the vaccine antigens, NadA (5/99), fHbp (H44/76), PorA (NZ98/254), and NHBA (M10713) at baseline (prior to vaccination, all participants) and one month following a dose of 4CMenB for all vaccine-naïve and follow-on participants primed with the 2, 3, 4 schedule, and a third of follow-on participants primed with a 2, 4, 6 month schedule.Results: At baseline (prior to vaccination), the proportion of participants (n = 468) with hSBA titers P 5 was similar across all followon groups: 89-100% against 5/99; 12-35% for H44/76; 8-12% for NZ98/254 and 53-80% for M10713 compared with 5%, 0%, 0%; and 60% respectively, for the vaccinenaïve controls (n = 206).Following a dose of 4CMenB at 4 years of age, this increased to 100% (5/99), 97-100% (H44/76), 80-95 % (NZ98/254) and 84-100% (M10713) (n = 210), compared with 89%, 70%, 24%, and 76% respectively for vaccine-naïve controls (n = 192).Conclusion: Waning of protective antibodies occurred 12-36 months after toddler booster regardless of age at boost.This was least marked against target strains 5/99 and M10713.A robust memory response occurred after a booster dose given at 4 years of age.Keywords:
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Despite effective vaccination programs, waning immunity in the vaccinated populations and the emergence of variants of concern posed a risk of breakthrough infections. A booster dose was demonstrated to provide substantially increased protection against symptomatic disease and hospitalization. We aimed to evaluate immune memory and the efficacy of reducing the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection post heterologous booster with CORBEVAX after primary vaccination with two doses of COVISHIELD. SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 spike IgG and RBD-specific antibody responses were elicited with both booster vaccines, with a greater response in individuals receiving heterologous booster. T and B memory responses were increased with booster dose, whereas B memory needed a longer duration to develop in individuals who received a homologous booster (90 days) in comparison to a heterologous booster (30 days). RBD-specific B memory and antibody-secreting (non-memory) B lymphocytes were enhanced with both boosters; however, the duration of response was longer with the heterologous booster compared to the homologous, indicating greater protection with the heterologous booster. The rate of infection 14 days after administration of the heterologous booster was comparatively lower than that of the homologous booster, with the symptoms being much less or asymptomatic.
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Booster vaccination with messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines has been offered to adults in England starting on 14 September 2021. We used a test-negative case-control design to estimate the relative effectiveness of a booster dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) compared to only a two-dose primary course (at least 175 days after the second dose) or unvaccinated individuals from 13 September 2021 to 5 December 2021, when Delta variant was dominant in circulation. Outcomes were symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and hospitalization. The relative effectiveness against symptomatic disease 14-34 days after a BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) booster after a ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca) and BNT162b2 as a primary course ranged from around 85% to 95%. Absolute vaccine effectiveness ranged from 94% to 97% and was similar in all age groups. Limited waning was seen 10 or more weeks after the booster. Against hospitalization or death, absolute effectiveness of a BNT162b2 booster ranged from around 97% to 99% in all age groups irrespective of the primary course, with no evidence of waning up to 10 weeks. This study provides real-world evidence of substantially increased protection from the booster vaccine dose against mild and severe disease irrespective of the primary course.
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Abstract Using a prospective national cohort of 3.75 million individuals aged 20 or older, we evaluated the effectiveness against COVID-19 related ICU admissions and death of mRNA-based second vaccine boosters for four different three-dose background regimes: BNT162b2 primary series plus a homologous booster, and CoronaVac primary series plus an mRNA booster, a homologous booster, and a ChAdOx-1 booster. We estimated the vaccine effectiveness weekly from February 14 to August 15, 2022, by estimating hazard ratios of immunization over non-vaccination, accounting for relevant confounders. The overall adjusted effectiveness of a second mRNA booster shot was 88.2% (95%CI, 86.2-89.9) and 90.5% (95%CI 89.4-91.4) against ICU admissions and death, respectively. Vaccine effectiveness showed a mild decrease for all regimens and outcomes, probably associated with the introduction of BA.4 and BA.5 Omicron sub-lineages and immunity waning. The duration of effectiveness suggests that no additional boosters are needed six months following a second booster shot.
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Background: Vaccine covid-19 booster effectiveness (VBE) timing is not clearly known Objective: To compare the cases of covid-19 in vaccinated booster people with a time of <15 days vs. >= 15 days from booster to infection diagnosis and assess their relative VBE. Methodology: An observational, longitudinal and prospective study of adult patients with covid-19 breakthrough infections in booster vaccinated people, in general medicine and for the period December 2021 to February 2022, during the omicron variant contagion wave. Results: Forty-six cases were included, 15 cases of Covid-19 breakthrough infections with booster shot <15 days (33%) with a mean time in days from booster to diagnostic covid-19 of 6 days, and 31 cases with booster > = 15 days (67%) with a time in days from booster to covid-19 diagnostic of 37 days of mean. Relative VBE <15 days (cases where it can be considered that the booster is not yet effective) vs. > = 15 days (cases where it can be considered that the booster is already effective) [1 - (Cases with vaccine Booster shot < 15 days) / (Cases with vaccine Booster shot > = 15 days) x 100] was 60%. Covid-19 cases with booster shot <15 days had been more vaccinated with 2 doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Vaxzevria, Oxford / AstraZeneca) plus booster of mRNA-1273 vaccine (Spikevax, formerly covid-19 Vaccine Moderna). Conclusion: In the general practice setting in Toledo, Spain, from December 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022, at the peak of omicron infections, booster after a period of <15 days provided 60% relative protection against symptomatic disease vs. > = 15 days. The results suggest that booster received <15 days provided early protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection of symptomatic Covid-19 of 60%. However, this result does not seem logical: this lower early risk may be transient and due to “vaccinated bias.”
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Vaccine-induced immunity wanes over time and warrants booster doses. We investigated the long-term (32 weeks) immunogenicity and safety of a third, homologous, open-label booster dose of TURKOVAC, administered 12 weeks after completion of the primary series in a randomized, controlled, double-blind, phase 2 study. Forty-two participants included in the analysis were evaluated for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) (with microneutralization (MNT50) and focus reduction (FRNT50) tests), SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD (Spike S1 Receptor Binding Domain), and whole SARS-CoV-2 (with ELISA) IgGs on the day of booster injection and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 thereafter. Antibody titers increased significantly from week 1 and remained higher than the pre-booster titers until at least week 4 (week 8 for whole SARS-CoV-2) (p < 0.05 for all). Seroconversion (titers ≥ 4-fold compared with pre-immune status) persisted 16 weeks (MNT50: 6-fold; FRNT50: 5.4-fold) for NAbs and 32 weeks for S1 RBD (7.9-fold) and whole SARS-CoV-2 (9.4-fold) IgGs. Nine participants (20.9%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR between weeks 8 and 32 of booster vaccination; none of them were hospitalized or died. These findings suggest that boosting with TURKOVAC can provide effective protection against COVID-19 for at least 8 weeks and reduce the severity of the disease.
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Eighty seven babies from mothers with positive HBsAg in sera were vaccinated with HBIG and HBV vaccine.When the titer of anti-HBS decreased to below 10(RIA S/N ratio) the booster injection was given during the following up period for 5 years.The level of anti-HBS rerose to more than 10 (RIA S/N ratio) in 39.2% of 166 times of booster injection.The GMT of RIA S/N ratio was from below 10 to 30.8.It was also observed that the immunoresponsibility to booster injection was closely correlated with the primary immunoresponsibility to HBV vaccine.In major of the babies responsed to primary HBV vaccination higher,the titer of anti-HBS after booster injection was higher,the required times of booster injection was fewer,and the effective level of anti-HBS was maintained longer.The study suggested that the status of immunity of organism not only determines the responsibility to the primary HBV vaccination but also determines the immunoresponsibility to the booster injeetion.The method of primary HBV vaccination and the dose of booster injection were not observed to relate to the immunoresponsibility of booster injection
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Abstract Israel began administering a BNT162b2 booster dose to restore protection following the waning of the 2-dose vaccine. Biological studies have shown that a fresh booster leads to increased antibody levels compared to a fresh 2-dose vaccine, which may suggest increased effectiveness. To compare the real-world effectiveness of a fresh booster dose with that of a fresh 2-dose vaccine, we conduct a quasi-experimental study that compares populations that were eligible to receive the vaccine at different times due to age cutoff policies. Our analysis shows that a fresh booster increases protection against confirmed infection by 3.7 (95% CI: 2.7 to 5.2) fold compared to a fresh 2-dose vaccine.
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Israel began administering a BNT162b2 booster dose to restore protection following the waning of the 2-dose vaccine. Biological studies have shown that a "fresh" booster dose leads to increased antibody levels compared to a fresh 2-dose vaccine, which may suggest increased effectiveness. To compare the real-world effectiveness of a fresh (up to 60 days) booster dose with that of a fresh 2-dose vaccine, we took advantage of a quasi-experimental study that compares populations that were eligible to receive the vaccine at different times due to age-dependent policies. Specifically, we compared the confirmed infection rates in adolescents aged 12-14 (215,653 individuals) who received the 2-dose vaccine and in adolescents aged 16-18 (103,454 individuals) who received the booster dose. Our analysis shows that the confirmed infection rate was lower by a factor of 3.7 (95% CI: 2.7 to 5.2) in the booster group.
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In light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, understanding the effectiveness of various booster vaccination regimens is pivotal. In Chile, using a prospective national cohort of 3.75 million individuals aged 20 or older, we evaluate the effectiveness against COVID-19-related intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and death of mRNA-based second vaccine boosters for four different three-dose background regimes: BNT162b2 primary series followed by a homologous booster, and CoronaVac primary series followed by an mRNA booster, a homologous booster, and a ChAdOx-1 booster. We estimate the vaccine effectiveness weekly from February 14 to August 15, 2022, by determining hazard ratios of immunization over non-vaccination, accounting for relevant confounders. The overall adjusted effectiveness of a second mRNA booster shot is 88.2% (95%CI, 86.2-89.9) against ICU admissions and 90.5% (95%CI 89.4-91.4) against death. Vaccine effectiveness shows a mild decrease for all regimens and outcomes, probably linked to the introduction of BA.4 and BA.5 Omicron sub-lineages and the waning of immunity. Based on our findings, individuals might not need additional boosters for at least 6 months after receiving a second mRNA booster shot in this setting.
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