Willingness of smallholder rubber farmers to participate in ecosystem protection: Effects of household wealth and environmental awareness
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This study aims to provide empirical evidence on the causal relationship between bribery and firm innovation. To this end, we use a micro-dataset of small and medium firms in Vietnam surveyed in 2015. Given the binary nature of the dependent variable, a simple probit regression model is employed. However, as bribery variable is potentially endogenous, a simple probit regression may give biased estimates. We deal with the potential endogeneity by making use of the bivariate probit model. A property of the bivariate probit model is that it can produce efficient estimates of a typical probit model with endogenous binary explanatory variable. A Hausman-like likelihood ratio test is implemented following the estimation to test the existence of endogeneity. We find that bribery significantly undermines firm innovation. Also, firms run by household appear less innovative. The probability of innovation diminishes significantly if firm owners or managers have previous experience in firm products. As expected, larger firms seem to be more innovative. Exporters tend to be more innovative compared to non-exporters. Our findings provide support to the hypothesis that bribery is detrimental to firm innovation and, thus, innovation may be a mediating channel, through which, bribery impedes firm long-term performance.
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The purpose of this study is to introduce a more flexible joint distribution for a probit model with more than two equations, or a so-called SUR probit model. The main idea of the suggested method is to use a multivariate copula to link the errors of equations in the SUR probit model. We conduct a simulation study to assess the performance of the model and then apply the model to a real economic problem that is the insolvency probability of small and medium enterprises in Thailand. This study considers three economic sectors and speculates some dependencies among them. The results obtained from the copula-based SUR probit model can show a better performance in both simulation and application studies. In addition, it is found to be suitable for explaining the causal effect of the companies' financial statements on their insolvency probability and challenged results for the Thai enterprises are brought out.
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Tree planting
Urban ecosystem
Urban forest
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We develop the trivariate probit model in which the sample incidentally truncates twice (i.e. in the first and in the second equations), which is not solved in the literature. The model is analogue to the so called Bivariate Probit with Sample Selection (also referred as Bivariate Probit with Partial Partial Observabilty, Censored Probit or Heckman Probit) but in this case there are three equations and two truncations. We also present an application that shows the estimation biases when the incidental truncations are ignored.
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Five readily available computer programs for probit analysis were evaluated for input/output options and reliability of output: (1) DULUTH-TOX from Charles Stephan of the Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth; (2) ASTM-PROBIT from the ASTM Guide for Probit Analysis, Draft 2; (3) UG-PROBIT, which was written by statisticians at the University of Guelph, Canada; and (4) SPSSX; and (5) SAS. SPSSX and SAS are probit procedures available in standard statistical packages. Except for UG-PROBIT, the programs yielded essentially identical median lethal concentration (LC50) values for the 20 data sets tested. DULUTH-TOX and ASTM-PROBIT include an objective evaluation of the validity of input data and calculated results, but they lack graphical output. SAS-PROBIT provides graphical output superior to that from SPSSX-PROBIT. SPSSX-PROBIT yields inappropriate fiducial limits in some cases. UG-PROBIT, SPSSX-PROBIT, and SAS-PROBIT purport to consider control or "natural" responses. Only SPSSX-PROBIT and SAS-PROBIT actually adjusted observed treatment responses for the control response. SPSSX-PROBIT and SAS-PROBIT are currently available only for mini and mainframe computers. All other programs can be implemented on microcomputers as well. DULUTH-TOX and ASTM-PROBIT, in all implementations, have a major advantage in that objective tests are included to determine the validity of input data and to guide the interpretation of output. The commercial statistical programs have the advantages of graphical output and a method for handling control mortality.
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Using data from Japanese General Social Surveys (JGSS), this study examines the effects of non-regular initial employment status on future employment prospects. In order to deal with the potential endogeneity of initial employment status, empirical analyses use bivariate probit models as well as univariate probit models. However I found almost no evidence that the univariate probit models were subject to endogeneity bias. The empirical results indicate that getting non-regular jobs at the year of leaving school reduces significantly the probability of obtaining regular full-time job at present. I also implemented several sensitivity tests, and the finding were relatively stable across several specifications.
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Multivariate probit model
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In this article we propose a multivariate dynamic probit model. Our model can be viewed as a nonlinear VAR model for the latent variables associated with correlated binary time-series data. To estimate it, we implement an exact maximum likelihood approach, hence providing a solution to the problem generally encountered in the formulation of multivariate probit models. Our framework allows us to study the predictive relationships among the binary processes under analysis. Finally, an empirical study of three financial crises is conducted.
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Families with children in Russia are particularly exposed to risk of poverty. In this article we analyzed child benefits’ impact poverty of households with children using pooled probit model, panel probit model with random effects and multivariate probit model. Results show that receiving of benefits is positively linked with decrease of absolute and relative poverty and increase of subjective poverty (in one of the specifications of the model).
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