Determinants of yield and quality in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under Mediterranean conditions
J. T. TsialtasAntonios N. PapantoniouDimitrios BaxevanosI. PapadopoulosN.A. KaraivazoglouN. MaslarisDespo K. Papakosta
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SUMMARY Winter rapeseed was introduced into Greece a decade ago to provide oil for biodiesel. To identify agronomic traits affecting yield and quality, three hybrids and an inbred line were tested over two seasons (2005–2006 and 2006–2007) and four locations, in central and northern Greece, varying in pedo-climatic conditions. The large variations in seed yield, quality and agronomic traits were largely ascribed to location; in contrast, cultivar accounted for ⩽0·010 of the variation for many traits. Below 40°N, rapeseed is a risky crop; short season, high temperatures and low rainfall during reproductive growth diminished seed yield and oil content, increased oleic and erucic acid and minimized linolenic acid. A hybrid, Exact, with tall stature and large seeds was adaptive to such conditions. The most productive location had dense stands with tall plants bearing numerous pods on the main raceme. At the site with the coldest winter, plant density (PD) was lowest (ca. 30 plants/m 2 ) but rapeseed compensated by producing large seeds, with high oil content and harvest index (HI). A biplot revealed that the hybrid Excalibur, outperforming the other cultivars for oil content in six out of eight trials, produced the highest and most stable oil yield. Combined data showed that seed yield and oil yield were positively correlated with PD, seed size and HI and negatively to the number of pods on branches and per plant. Large seeds had high seed oil content. Oleic acid was negatively correlated to linolenic acid concentration. High temperatures and low rainfall favoured oleic acid, which was positively associated with seed number per pod.Keywords:
Raceme
Biplot
Erucic acid
Growing season
Linolenic acid
Abstract Refined rapeseed oils with a high and a low‐erucic‐acid content were fed to male Wistar rats for six months. Histomorphometric studies of the changes in predetermined heart sections indicated a significantly higher incidence and a greater severity of myocardial lesions in rats fed high‐erucic‐acid (regular) rapeseed oil than in rats fed either low‐erucic‐acid rapeseed oil or sunflowerseed oil. After administration of various amounts of Primor oil, a French rapeseed oil containing 0.3% erucic acid, the observed minor changes were indistinguishable in nature, incidence and severity from those observed in control animals.
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Abstract The polymorphism of rapeseed oils with high and low erucic acid content was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction. Both oils were hydrogenated to various iodine values. The fatty acid pattern showed that erucic acid is slowly saturated. The melting curves were followed by DSC and pulsed NMR. For low iodine value the low erucic acid rapeseed oil exhibits a second melting peak owing to the appearance of new triglycerides with different properties. Samples of hydrogenated rapeseed oils were aged at 20°C and 29°C. The short spacings determinations indicate that the β' → β transition is faster for the low erucic acid rapeseed oil (LEAR) than for the high erucic acid rapeseed oil (HEAR).
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Abstract and Summary New varieties of rapeseed oils grown in Canada have bess than 1% erucic (cis‐13‐docosenoic) acid and also a reduction in cis‐11‐eicosenoic acid. The replacement of these acids with C 18 acids increased the specific gravity (25 C/25 C) from 0.9123 for an oil with 23.1% erucic acid to 0.9171 for an oil with 0.7% erucic acid. Soybean oil data are presented for comparison.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of regular Brassica napus, Brassica campestris and low erucic acid (Oro variety) rapeseed oils (RSO) on the performance of laying hens. Feed grade tallow and corn oil were used as controls. The response was measured in terms of egg production, egg size, hatchability, and fatty acid and cholesterol levels in egg yolk. The metabolizable energy content of the oils was also determined. When included in the diets of laying hens at levels of 10 and 20% B. napus and B. campestris RSO exerted a depressing effect on egg production, egg weight, yolk weight and hatchability as compared to the performance of hens on tallow or corn oil. In contrast, the use of low erucic acid rapeseed oil exerted no detrimental effects on reproductive performance thus suggesting that erucic acid is the main factor responsible for the deleterious effects. At the 10% level of incorporation, B. napus and B. campestris RSO were well utilized by laying hens. Refined B. napus and B. campestris RSO were lower in metabolizable energy than the corresponding crude oils. The total lipid content of the yolk was not influenced by the type or level of dietary fat. Addition of various rapeseed oils to the basal diet altered the fatty acid composition of egg yolk. The average erucic acid content of yolks of hens fed 10 and 20% B. napus and B. campestris RSO was 0.6% whereas birds fed low erucic acid rapeseed oil deposited 0.2% erucic acid in the yolk fat. The cholesterol content of the egg yolk of birds fed rapeseed oil was higher than that of birds fed the no-fat basal diet but lower than yolks from corn oil-fed birds.
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Abstract and Summary Crismer Values of rapeseed oil extracted from different Canadian varieties are reported. Seventeen samples of oil containing up to 4.1% erucic acid gave an average value of 68.45±0.92 C with a range of 67.10 to 69.29. Crismer Values of high erucic acid oils (20~45% erucic acid) ranged from 76 to 82 C.
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High erucic acid rapeseed is used widely for special purpose in industry. Two cultivars with normal erucic acid content was crossed, high erucic acid content plants and seeds were selected in its offsprings, and one high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) cultivar HEAR No. 1 was bred, which erucic acid content reached to 60%. The co relationship bet ween fatty acids in the background of high erucic acid content was studied, providing a theory basis in high erucic acid rapeseed breeding.
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Abstract Glucosinolates could not be detected as their aglycones in the lipid‐free residues of tissue cultures of two varieties of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Erucic acid, a major fatty acid in the lipids from the seeds was found to be present in very small quantities.
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Breeding of a new high erucic acid hybrid rapeseed Mianyou 15 in Brassica napus L.for industrial use
Mianyou 15,a high erucic acid hybrid rapeseed in Brassica napus L.,was selected by crossing high erucic acid recessive GMS line Mian 9AB-2 and high erucic acid restoring line Mianhui No.6.The variety possessed the characteristics of high erucic acid content,high yield,stable yield,high oil content,resistance to disease and lodging and extensive adaptability.In Sichuan regional trail,the Mianyou 15 gave 2 476.5 kg/hm~2 of average yield,which outyielded the control variety Shuza No.6 by 24.40%.The erucic acid content and oil content of Mianyou 15 seeds was 52.1% and 41.52% respectively.
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