Comparison of Stemness and Metastasis Genes in Breast Cancer and Gastric Cancer
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Breast cancer metastasis
Metastasis is incontrovertibly linked to poor cancer patient survival. Cancer treatments that inhibit metastasis are predicted to improve cancer patient outcomes by preventing cancer dissemination. However, to control metastasis in patients necessitates an understanding of the biological drivers of metastasis. Drivers of metastasis can be thought of as factors that promote tumour dissemination, required at least for a part of the metastatic process. Yet, presently specific molecular drivers of metastasis largely remain unidentified, and very little evidence for ubiquitous metastasis-specific driver gene mutations has been identified to date (1,2).
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Limited evidence suggests that inherited predisposing risk variants might affect the disease outcome. In this study, we analyzed the effect of genome-wide association studies—identified breast cancer-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms on survival of early-stage breast cancer patients in a Chinese population. This retrospective study investigated the relationship between 21 GWAS-identified breast cancer-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms and the outcome of 1177 early stage breast cancer patients with a long median follow-up time of 174 months. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. Primary endpoints were breast cancer special survival and overall survival while secondary endpoints were invasive disease free survival and distant disease free survival. Multivariate survival analysis showed only the rs2046210 GA genotype significantly decreased the risk of recurrence and death for early stage breast cancer. After grouping breast cancer subtypes, significantly reduced survival was associated with the variant alleles of rs9485372 for luminal A and rs4415084 for triple negative breast cancer. Importantly, all three single-nucleotide polymorphisms, rs889312, rs4951011 and rs9485372 had remarkable effects on survival of luminal B EBC, either individually or synergistically. Furthermore, statistically significant multiplicative interactions were found between rs4415084 and age at diagnosis and between rs3803662 and tumor grade. Our results demonstrate that breast cancer risk susceptibility loci identified by GWAS may influence the outcome of early stage breast cancer patients’ depending on intrinsic tumor subtypes in Chinese women.
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Metastasis is the most critical problem for the oncologists to treat cancer patients. The processes of cancer invasion and metastasis consist of a long series of sequential, interrelated, and complicated steps. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for cancer invasion and metastasis is, therefore, a primary goal of cancer research and will produce new approaches to control and inhibit cancer metastasis. Massive investigations are being carried out for cancer metastasis. Recently many investigations on the research fields other than cancer result in being related with metastasis research. We reviewed the current findings, including our data, on the research for cancer metastasis and discussed the current status of the research.
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An outline of the mechanism of cancer metastasis is presented from a molecular biological point of view, and the present state and future possibility of prediction about cancer metastasis in clinical cases is described. Cancer metastasis is developed through multiple steps. With the progress of studies on the mechanism of metastasis, the effort to predict cancer metastasis in clinical cases has progressed. Metastasis is formed in concern with many factors, so it may be highly difficult to explain clinical metastasis by a single factor. It will be important to comprehensively put many factors into consideration. For the preoperative diagnosis of the potential of metastasis, examination of specimens from endoscopic biopsy or blood serum will become more important.
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Metastasis is one of the most distinct but complicated biological phenomena in cancer. It is hard to decide the most important prospect which must be performed at the present as well as in future studies on cancer metastasis. However, the final goal of the studies on metastasis can be simply concluded as that metastasis should be prevented before dissemination. In this review, we discussed several points to do research in metastasis.
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The spread of cancer cells in the body -'metastasis,' is a challenging issue for cancer patients and for cancer research. From a clinical point of view, the majority of the cancer-related deaths in patients who suffer from solid cancers are metastasis-related. Although this life threatening consequence in cancer is recognised almost immediately at the time of diagnosis, the current-state-of-knowledge on the mechanisms and effective ways to combat cancer metastasis in clinical settings is far from being realized. Thus, making the necessity of continuing research into cancer metastasis evermore demanding and critical. This issue of the journal is directed toward consideration of some of the salient aspects of cancer metastasis, with a focus on recent progress of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Cancer as an historical disease is known to occur since several hundred years and still prevails till date as one of the most feared diseases. Its occurrence and/or progression are considered as the outcome of the series of accumulated ocogenic changes in the cell those transform it from benign to invasive or metastatic. It has been observed that most of the metastatic cancers are not curable and the available drugs focus on steadying the tumour growth to prevent further metastasis. Metastasis remains the cause of around 90% of the cancer deaths. Fundamental understanding of metastasis and recent advancements in metastasis driven cancer research may help to strengthen and bring in practice the new and advanced approaches for cancer treatment. In view of this, we review in detail the molecular mechanism of metastasis, problems in diagnosing and treating metastasis, and recent developments in cancer biology. Future efforts in order to unveil the unpredicted and uncontrolled metastasis of cancer cells have also been summarised.
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Breast cancer metastasis
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