The impact of tillage and fertilization on Fusarium infection and mycotoxin production in wheat grains.
Skaidrė SupronienėAudroné MankevičienèGražina KadžienėAudrius KačergiusVirginijus FeizaDalia FeizienėRoma SemaškienėZenonas DabkevičiusK. Tamošiu ̄nas
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Abstract:
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a worldwide disease of small grain cereals, which reduces grain yield and its quality. The aim of this study was to identify the influence of different tillage and fertilization practices on winter and spring wheat grain infection with Fusarium fungi and contamination by mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and T-2 toxin. A two-factor field experiment was carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture during the period 2005–2008. The internal grain infection with Fusarium fungi were quantified using agar tests. Purified colonies were identified using different manuals. The mycotoxins were analyzed using ELISA method. Meteorological conditions were not conducive to Fusarium head blight development during the 2005–2008 period, therefore Fusarium infection level was very low in harvested winter wheat grain (0–7.1%) and moderate in spring wheat grains (27.3–41.3%). The concentrations of DON (<100–166.3 μg kg-1), ZEN (<10–10.8 μg kg-1) and T-2 toxin (<7.5–13.2 μg kg-1) in winter wheat grain samples most often were close to the limit of detection, while in spring wheat samples they were slightly higher. Tillage systems had no clearly evident influence on Fusarium infection level; however, some significant differences in the mycotoxin production were observed. The concentrations of DON (2008) and ZEN (2006 and 2008) in spring wheat and T-2 toxin (2006) in winter wheat significantly correlated with the number of productive tillers or number of plants m-2 and were significantly lower in no-tillage system. A significant influence of high fertilizer rates on spring wheat grain infection with Fusarium spp. was observed in 2007, and similar trends were found in 2006 and 2008. Higher concentrations of trichothecene producers were detected in the spring wheat grain from the conventionally tilled treatments applied with higher fertilizer rates.Keywords:
Pyrenophora
Triticale
Grain Quality
Vomitoxin
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Winter wheat
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zmienności liczebności wybranych gatunków grzybów z rodzaju Fusarium i mikotoksyn w ziarnie pszenicy, w zależności od odmiany
Grain Quality
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Fusarium infestation and DON content were studied in genetic resources of spring wheat (einkorn, emmer wheat, spelt wheat, intermediate forms of bread wheat). The study aimed at the comparison of grain contamination rates in various wheat species being grown in organic farming systems. The trials were established on certified organic parcels in two different localities in the Czech Republic in 2009 and 2010. The PCR method and specific primers were used to detect Fusarium. The proportion of deoxynivalenol (DON) was indicated and measured by the immuno-affinity chromatography (ROSA® DON Quantitative Test). The grain DON contamination rate (1.25 mg/kg) was set up in compliance with the European Commission (EC) Regulation No. 1126/2007. This regulation sets up limits that have never been exceeded in any of the varieties. The strongest contamination rate was identified in grains of the control bread wheat varieties, and in the SW Kadrilj cultivar (0.98 mg/kg) being grown in Ceske Budejovice. On the other hand, quite a low proportion of DON was detected in the hulled wheat varieties (einkorn, emmer wheat, spelt wheat). Hull may serve as a protection of grains there, as it is eliminated just before the processing of grains. The occurence of Fusarium was influenced by a grown wheat species. The occurence of Fusarium poae in grains was influenced (P<0.01) by a reduced resistance of the crop stand to lodging (r=0.58). The occurence of this Fusarium species was the weakest one. Grains were less contaminated with Fusarium culmorum, whereas the contamination rate was dominantly influenced by the year, einkorn and emmer wheat were the least infested wheat species. Fusarium graminearum provoked the strongest and most serious contamination of grains. The proportion of DON in grains (r=0.69) was influenced (P<0.01) by the Fusarium graminearum contamination rate. Spring spelt wheat varieties were the least infested ones (Spalda bila jarni, VIR St. Petersburg). On the other hand, landraces of bread wheat and both control bread wheat varieties were the most contaminated ones (as they contained the highest proportion of DON in grains).
Fusarium culmorum
Common wheat
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Wheat grain
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In this work, we studied the impact of harvesting time on Fusarium mycotoxin occurrence in spring wheat and the effect of mycotoxin contamination on the quality of these grains. The spring wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) were collected in 2016–2018 when the crop had reached full maturity, 10 ± 2 days and 17 ± 3 days after full maturity. The grain samples were analyzed for Fusarium infection and co-contamination with mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and T-2 toxin (T-2), as well as the quality of the wheat grains (mass per hectolitre, contents of protein, starch, ash and fat, particle size index (PSI), falling number, sedimentation, wet gluten content, and gluten index). The occurrence of Fusarium spp. fungi and the mycotoxins produced by them in the grains was mostly influenced by the harvesting time and meteorological conditions. The correlations between Fusarium species and the mycotoxins produced by them in the grains of spring wheat showed F. graminearum to be a dominant species, and as a result, higher concentrations of DON and ZEA were determined. The co-occurrence of all the three mycotoxins analyzed (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin) was identified in wheat. In rainy years, a delay in harvesting resulted in diminished grain quality of spring wheat, as indicated by grain mass per hectolitre and falling number. Negative correlations were found in highly contaminated grains between mycotoxins (DON, ZEA, and T-2) and falling number and grain mass per hectolitre values.
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To mitigate the risk of erosion and nutrient runoff, reduced tillage has become more prevalent in Norway. Within within recent decades, there have been some years with relatively high occurrence of Fusarium head blight and mycotoxins in Norwegian cereal grain. This is thought to have been caused by an increased inoculum potential (IP) of Fusarium spp. due to larger amount of crop residues remaining on the soil surface, in combination with weather conditions promoting fungal growth and infection of cereal plants. The objective of this work was to elucidate the influence of different tillage practices on the IP of Fusarium spp. and the subsequent Fusarium -infection and mycotoxin contamination of spring wheat grain at harvest. Tillage trials were conducted at two locations in southeast Norway (Solør and Toten) over three years, 2010-2012. Residues of wheat from the previous year were collected in spring. Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium graminearum were the most common Fusarium species recorded on wheat straw residues. IP was calculated as the percentage of the residues infested with Fusarium spp. multiplied by the proportion of the soil surface covered with residues. The IP of Fusarium spp. was lower in ploughed plots compared to those tilled with harrowing only. Ploughing in spring resulted in a similarly low IP as autumn ploughing. In contrast, harrowing in autumn generally reduced IP more than did spring harrowing. The mycotoxin levels in the harvested wheat were generally low, except for deoxynivalenol at high levels in Solør 2011. Despite a lower IP of ploughed versus harrowed plots, this was not reflected in the content of Fusarium and mycotoxins in harvested grain. The Fusarium species that dominated in the residues examined in this study were the same as those detected in the harvested grain, supporting the finding that residues are an important source of inoculum.
Plough
Fusarium culmorum
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Growing acreage and changing consumer preferences cause increasing interest in the cereal products originating from organic farming. Lack of results of objective test, however, does not allow drawing conclusions about the effects of cultivation in the organic system and comparison to currently preferred conventional system. Field experiment was conducted in organic and conventional fields. Thirty modern cultivars of winter wheat were sown. They were characterized for disease infection including Fusarium head blight, seed sowing value, the amount of DNA of the six species of Fusarium fungi as well as concentration of ergosterol and trichothecenes in grain. The intensity of the diseases occurring in wheat canopy was at a similar level in both systems. Increased Fusarium colonization expressed as ergosterol level or DNA concentration for the organic system did not reflect in an increased accumulation of trichothecenes in grain. However, we found lower sowing value of organically produced seeds. Significant differences between analyzed cropping systems and experimental variants were found. The selection of the individual cultivars for organic growing in terms of resistance to diseases and contamination of grain with Fusarium toxins was possible. Effects of organic growing differ significantly from the conventional and grain obtained such way can be recommended to consumers. There are indications for use of particular cultivars bred for conventional agriculture in the case of organic farming, and the growing organic decreases plant stress resulting from intense fertilization and chemical plant protection.
Ergosterol
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Foreword Preface 1. Introduction Techniques and Methods 2. Media - Recipes and Preparation 2.1 Media for Growing and Identifying Fusarium 2.2 Supplementary Identification Media 2.3 Media for Isolating Fusarium 2.4 Media for the Preparation of Natural Inocula 2.5 Synthetic and Semi-synthetic Media 2.6 Media for Sexual Crosses 2.7 Sterilization of Media and Materials 3. Techniques for Recovering Fusarium 3.1 Collecting strategy(ies) 3.2 Isolation Techniques - Plants 3.3 Isolation Techniques - Soil 3.4 Isolation Techniques - Spore Trapping and Air Sampling 3.5 Seed Disinfestation 4. Techniques for Growing and Maintaining Fusarium 4.1 Vegetative Propagation 4.2 Preparing Cultures for Identification 4.3 Single Spore Subcultures 4.4 Mutagenesis 4.5 Culture Preservation 5. Vegetative Compatibility Groups (VCGs) 5.1 History of and Genetic Basis Underlying Vegetative Compatibility 5.2 Overall Strategy for Determining if Strains are Vegetatively Compatible 5.3 Recovering and Identifying nit Mutants 5.4 Typical Pairing Protocols 5.5 Common Trouble Spots - HSI, crn, and NitMs 5.6 Characterizing a Population with VCGs 6. Fertility Concepts 6.1 Heterothallic, Homothallic and Pseudohomothallic 6.2 Mating Type 6.3 Population Effects of Mating Type 6.4 Male, Female, and Hermaphrodite 6.5 Crossing Protocols 6.6 Developing Female-Fertile Tester Strains 6.7 Species Identification Through Sexual Crosses 7. Nucleic Acid Analyses 7.1 DNA Extraction and Purification 7.2 PCR - Mating-Type Alleles 7.3 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) 7.4 Sequence Analysis and Sequenced Loci 7.5 Genetic Maps Taxonomy and Identification of Fusarium 8. A Brief History of Fusarium Taxonomy 9. Species Concepts in Fusarium 9.1 Generic Problems in Speciation in Fusarium 9.2 Morphological Species Concepts 9.3 Biological Species Concepts 9.4 Phylogenetic Species Concepts 9.5 How Many Strains Make a Species? 9.6 Species Names 9.7 Subspecific Terminology 9.8 A Species Concept for Fusarium 10. Teleomorphs of Fusarium 10.1 Taxonomy of Teleomorphs 10.2 General Teleomorph Characters 10.3 Sexual Development and Differentiation 10.4 Spore Killer 10.5 Anamorph-Teleomorph Connections 11. Practical Approaches to Identification 11.1 Overall Identification Strategy 11.2 The Diseased Plant and Its Geographic Origin 11.3 Native and Agricultural Populations 11.4 Culture Preparation 11.5 The Essence of Morphological Identifications 11.6 Beyond Morphology - Sexual Cross Fertility 11.7 Beyond Morphology - Molecular Diagnostics 11.8 The Special Case of Fusarium oxysporum 11.9 Differences Between Temperate and Tropical Regions 11.10 Conclusions Species Descriptions 12. Morphological Characters 12.1 Macroconidia 12.2 Microconidia 12.3 Chlamydospores 12.4 Other Characters 12.5 Secondary Characters 13. Species Descriptions F. acuminatum F. acutatum F. andiyazi F. anthophilum F. armeniacum F. avenaceum F. aywerte F. babinda F. begoniae F. beomiforme F. brevicatenulatum F. bulbicola F. camptoceras F. chlamydosporum F. circinatum F. compactum F. concentricum F. crookwellense (F. cerealis) F. culmorum F. decemcellulare F. denticulatum F. dimerum F. dlamini F. equiseti F. foetens F. fujikuroi F. globosum F. graminearum F. guttiforme F. heterosporum F. hostae F. konzum F. lactis F. lateritium F. longipes F. mangiferae F. merismoides F. miscanthi F. musarum F. napiforme F. nelsonii F. nisikadoi F. nurragi F. nygamai F. oxysporum F. phyllophilum F. poae F. polyphialidicum F. proliferatum F. pseudoanthophilum F. pseudocircinatum F. pseudograminearum F. pseudonygamai F. ramigenum F. redolens F. sacchari F. sambucinum F. scirpi F. semitectum (F. incarnatum) F. solani F. sporotrichioides F. sterilihyphosum F. subglutinans F. succisae F. thapsinum F. torulosum F. tricinctum F. udum F. venenatum F. verticillioides References Index
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Wheat grains are inhabited by different fungi, including plant pathogens and fungi – mycotoxin producers. The composition of seed mycobiota can be influenced by different factors, including agronomic practices, but the results are still contradictory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mycobiota of wheat grains depending on agroecological conditions. Wheat grains were obtained from a two-factorial field trial: A – tillage system (A1 – ploughing at a depth of 22–24 cm; A2 – harrowing at a depth of up to 10 cm); B – crop rotation (B1 – continuous wheat; B2 – oilseed rape and wheat; B3 – crop rotation). The mycobiota of grain were determined by mycological and molecular methods. The most abundant and widespread of the mycobiota were <em>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</em>, <em>Alternaria</em> spp., <em>Arthrinium</em> spp., and <em>Fusarium avenaceum</em>. Higher amounts of precipitation increased the infection of grains with <em>Fusarium</em> fungi. Seven species of <em>Fusarium</em> were identified in the grain samples: <em>F. avenaceum</em>, <em>F. poae</em>, <em>F. graminearum</em>, <em>F. culmorum</em>, <em>F. acuminatum</em>, <em>F. sporotrichioides</em>, and <em>F. tricinctum</em>. The soil tillage method and crop rotation did not influence the total incidence of <em>Fusarium</em> spp., but the abundance of a particular species differed depending on agronomic practice. The research suggests that continuous wheat sowing under conditions of reduced soil tillage can increase the level of risk of grain infection with <em>F. graminearum</em> and, consequently, the accumulation of mycotoxins.
Mycobiota
Pyrenophora
Crop Rotation
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Winter wheat
Wheat grain
Grain Quality
Vomitoxin
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