Isoprenoids composition and colour to differentiate virgin olive oils from a specific mill
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Squalene
Pheophytin
Five subjects consumed a meal containing ca. 1.5 mg squalene. Postprandial serum samples showed that in three of the subjects squalene and lipid levels reached maxima at 3 hr. Squalene levels in the low density lipoproteins of these subjects also increased. The results indicate that alimentation is a major factor in the variation in serum squalene levels.
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Lipidology
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Squalene
Autoxidation
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Evonik Industries has launched amaranth oil–derived squalene as an alternative to squalene extracted from shark-liver oil . Squalene is used as an adjuvant to boost vaccine efficiency. Evonik calls its product the first adjuvant-grade squalene to be derived from amaranth, an herbaceous plant cultivated in many parts of the world. Squalene is also extracted from olive oil by the French company Sophim and produced via fermentation by the US firm Amyris.
Squalene
Herbaceous plant
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Squalene is a triterpene that is an intermediate of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and it can be obtained from the diet. Olive oil contains 0.2 - 0.7% squalene. The average intake of squalene is 30 mg/day in the United States, however, when consumption of olive oil is high, the intake of squalene can reach 200 - 400 mg/day as observed in Mediterranean countries. The decreased risk for various cancers associated with high olive oil consumption may be due to the presence of squalene. Experimental studies have shown that squalene can effectively inhibit chemically-induced colon, lung and skin tumourigenesis in rodents. The protective effect is observed when squalene is given before and/or during carcinogen treatment. The mechanisms involved for the chemopreventive activity of squalene may include inhibition of Ras farnesylation, modulation of carcinogen activation and anti-oxidative activities. However, several factors must be taken into consideration when the evidence for the inhibition of carcinogenesis by squalene is examined, these include the effective dose used and the time of exposure. The information obtained is from animal bioassays and the long-term effects from consuming increased levels of squalene are not known. Although animal studies have enhanced our understanding of the possible action of squalene in decreasing carcinogenesis, one must apply caution in extrapolating the information obtained in animal studies to humans, because of possible species differences. In order to evaluate the overall implications of squalene to human cancer prevention, further studies are needed to fully identify its protective effects, as well as possible detrimental effects.
Squalene
Squalene monooxygenase
Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase
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Cataracts and ocular disease are common lesions of marine mammals in zoological collections. Lutein, an oxygenated carotenoid, may have therapeutic or prophylactic effects on ocular disorder. Therefore, this study examined the ability of marine mammals to absorb dietary lutein. Two preliminary trials examined lutein in two forms (beadlet or ester) in a small sample size of marine mammals representing pinnipeds and cetaceans. Lutein was fed daily in tablets providing 0.89–3.6 mg lutein/kg body weight 0.75 per day for 15 days to 2 years. A third study was conducted using lutein beadlet fed at 3.6 mg lutein/kg body weight 0.75 per day for 15–21 days. Blood was analyzed for lutein pre‐ and postsupplementation. In the preliminary trials, lutein beadlet was observed to result in greater blood lutein levels than lutein esters, and cetaceans had more noticeable responses than pinnipeds. In Study 3, serum lutein and zeaxanthin increased postsupplementation in beluga whales ( P < 0.05), and serum lutein tended to increase postsupplementation in dolphins ( P < 0.10), but little change was seen in serum lutein in pinnipeds or manatee. Opportunistic retinal samples demonstrated some detectable lutein in the retina of a dolphin and several harp seals. The lutein levels in dolphins after supplementation are similar to those reported in free‐ranging animals. Ocular lutein in harp seals demonstrates that ocular deposition occurs despite low circulating lutein levels. Zoo Biol. 32:316–323, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Thermally activated delayed fluorometry was applied to the analysis of chlorophyll c and pheophytin c of phytoplankton in natural water. Acetone extract of pigments was chromatographed over paper, and chlorophyll c on the chromatogram could be directly determined by the delayed fluorometry. Also, the metalation of pheophytin c with zinc ion enabled determination of pheophytin c on the chromatogram. The complex formation of pheophytin c with zinc ion was found to be quantitatively accomplished on paper chromatogram so that the strong delayed fluorescence of Zn-pheophytin c was utilized for the analysis of pheophytin c. The coefficient of variation of the measurements for samples containing 0.24 ng per spot (φ:5mm) was less than 4.0% for chlorophyll c and 4.8% for pheophytin c, respectively. By using this method, chlorophyll c and pheophytin c in natural water with ppb levels could be determined.
Pheophytin
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Pheophytin
Chlorophyll b
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Squalene
Refining (metallurgy)
Vegetable oil
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