Colostrum and milk characteristics in Murgese breed mares
Carlo CosentinoGiovanni NotarnicolaRosanna PaolinoCarmine D’AdamoCristiana LabellaMauro MustoPierangelo Freschi
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Abstract:
The physicochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Murgese mare's colostrum and milk during lactation were analyzed. Colostrum and milk samples from 14 lactating mares were collected on the 1st and 2nd day after foaling, and then at 15, 90, and 150 days postpartum. The results showed that the values of most of the chemical parameters in colostrum were higher. During lactation, the content of proteins, fat, dry matter as well as pH values increased, while lactose and lysozyme content decreased. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was evaluated by 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. For both tests, colostrum showed a greater TAC. In milk TAC decreased over time to remain constant in the last months of lactation.Keywords:
ABTS
Total dissolved solids
The interaction with fungal cells of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine liposomes coated with palmitoyl lysozyme was investigated using lysozyme as a stabilizer for an unstable bilayer as well as a recognizer for a specific target cell. Lysozyme, which interacts with chitin in the fungal cell wall, lyses chitin and kills the cells, was acylated with N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of palmitic acid (NHSP) and incorporated into the lipid bilayer. Lysozyme was optimally modified when the ratio of NHSP to lysozyme was 15 at pH 8.0. Modification of lysozyme was detected by SDS-PAGE, and its molecular weight was about 1,500 greater than that of the intact lysozyme at the optimal ratio of NHSP to lysozyme. The activity of palmitoyl lysozyme toward glycolchitin was reduced to 35% of that of intact lysozyme. Both lysozyme and palmitoyl lysozyme had antifungal activities, but palmitoyl lysozyme was more effective than intact lysozyme against Candida albicans. The minimal molar ratio of palmitoyl lysozyme to phosphatidylethanolamine required to form stable liposomes was 2.4 × 10−4, and the optimal ratio was about 2.4 × 10−3. The percentage survival of cells treated with the inserted palmitoyl lysozyme was lower than that of cells treated with free palmitoyl lysozyme. These findings suggest that palmitoyl lysozyme-incorpo-rated liposomal membrane is more effectively adsorbed by Candida albicans than free palmitoyl lysozyme is.
Phosphatidylethanolamine
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Abstract The following derivatives of hen egg-white lysozyme were prepared from native hen egg-white lysozyme, 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-lysozyme, S-(4-methylbenzyl)-reduced-lysozyme, and 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-S-(4-methylbenzyl)-reduced-lysozyme. Treatment of these derivatives with anhydrous liquid hydrogen fluoride for 90 min at 0 °C yielded fully active lysozyme with recoveries, in order, of 23, 12, and 7.4%. The properties of the lysozyme recovered were identical with those of native hen egg-white lysozyme, and crystals of this material were indistinguishable from those of native enzyme.
Anhydrous
Hydrogen fluoride
White (mutation)
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Data used in this study consisted of 30 monthly milk records during the lactation period from November 2011 to February 2012 (cold season). Data concerning daily milk yield, total milk yield monthly, percentage of milk fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and solids not fat for (14 males and 16 females) reared in the Tabanoha village, Dakahlia governorate, Egypt, were collected. Sex of birth had a significant (p>0.05) effect on milk yield at 60, 90, 120 and 150 days while non-significance showed on 30 days. Calf weight had not a significant (p>0.05) effect on all milk yield traits, but the interaction between sex and calf weight had a significant effect (p 0.05) on yields of fat, protein, lactose, total solids and solid non-fat at all months with the exception of the effect of the interaction between sex and calf weight was significant (p<0.05) on the yield of fat at 2 nd , lactose at 2 nd , 3 rd , total solids at 2 nd and solid non-fat at 1 st , 2 nd
Total dissolved solids
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Total dissolved solids
Globules of fat
Cow milk
Milk protein
Camel Milk
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The chemical compositions of Shaneng goat colostrum were analysed. The results showed that: the contents of total solids, ash, protein and fat decrease with the prolong of lactation in Shaneng goat colostrum. The average contents of gross compositions are: 21.32% total solids, 1.57% ash,10.24% protein, 6.61% fat(12h)and 1.93% lactose in colostrum at 3h post parturition. The contents of total solids, ash, protein and fat are the highest but the content of lactose is the lowest at 3h post parturition. The content of lactose increases with the prolong of lactation.
Total dissolved solids
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Hen egg white lysozyme is an enzyme (EC 3.2.1.17) which catalysing hydrolysis of the bacterial cell walls by cleaving the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between N-acetylmuraminic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues. It has been demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli. In this study, the effect of native lysozyme, dry-heated lysozyme, dry-heated enriched with iso-aspartyle, iso-aspartyle lysozyme, native-like lysozyme and succinimide lysozyme on both the outer and inner membranes have been investigated, in vivo. Activities of native and dry-heated lysozyme induce different consequences on the bacterial membranes. Dry-heated lysozyme induces larger and/or more pores in the outer membrane and it disrupt the membrane potential more efficiently. It can be assumed that these stronger effects on the bacterial membranes are due to the modifications in the physico-chemical characteristics of dry-heated lysozyme compared to native lysozyme. However, dry-heated lysozyme is a mixture of three different isoforms: iso-aspartyle lysozyme, native-like lysozyme and succinimide lysozyme. Each of the dry-heated lysozyme isoforms affords a specific disturbance of either the outer or the inner membrane.
Glycosidic bond
Succinimides
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양이온 교환수지를 이용하여 추출한 난백 lysozyme의 분리방법에 따른 역가측정과 역가 측정방법에 따른 차이를 비교 검토하고 pH와 열에 대한 안정성을 구명하였다. Lysozyme의 역가를 측정하는데 있어서 시료 무게당 lysozyme 량으로 정의할 경우는 순도 높은 표준품의 구입이 필요하나 반복에 따른 측정 오차의 범위가 적었다. 반면 시료 무게당 units으로 할때 오차의 범위는 조금 넓었지만 간편 신속하게 측정할 수 있었다. 난백 lysozyme을 pH6.3인 0.066M 인산염 완충액에 넣어 37℃에서 2시간동안 항온시켰을때 Micrococcus lysodeikticus의 용균작용이 가장 활발히 일어났다. CM Sephadex C-25로 O.D. 1.0이상의 용액에서 회수한 lysozyme의 역가는 36,000 units/㎎으로 처리구 중 가장 높았다. 추출 lysozyme은 가열함에 따라 역가가 감소하였으며 인산염 완충액에서 100℃, 15분간 가열하였을때 35℃이상이 감소하였다. 추출한 lysozyme용액을 pH별로 100℃에서 15분간 가열했을때 산성영역에서 매우 안정되었으나 pH6.0 이상의 알칼리 영역에서 급격히 불활성화 되었다.
Muramidase
Micrococcus
Sephadex
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The total solids, solids-not-fat, protein, lactose, and ash content of sow's milk are reported for two groups of sows, one group on pasture, and one group in dry lot. The sows were milked manually after the injection of 1 ml. of Pitocin, on the first day of lactation, the third day, at the end of the first week, and each subsequent week throughout lactation. The mean values of milk constituents for pasture sows were, for first day colostrum: total solids 22.81 percent, solids-not-fat 15.92 percent, protein 11.25 percent, lactose 2.89 percent, and ash 0.72 percent; for later milk: total solids 19.47 percent, solids-not-fat 13.16 percent, protein 7.09 percent, lactose 5.18 percent, and ash 0.99 percent. The mean values of milk constituents for dry-lot sows were, for first-day colostrum: total solids 22.81 percent, solids-not-fat 17.21 percent, protein 14.29 percent, lactose 3.42 percent, and ash 0.73 percent; for later milk: total solids 20.69 percent, solids-not-fat 13.38 percent, protein 7.42 percent, lactose 5.08 percent, and ash 0.98 percent.
Total dissolved solids
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Objective To investigate the influence of pH value,temperature,protectant and organic solvent on the physical stability and biological activity of lysozyme.Methods The concentration of lysozyme was determined by HPLC and the biological activity of lysozyme was tested by turbidimetric method.Results Lysozyme was physically stable at pH4.0 and pH10.0.The biological activity of lysozyme was kept well at pH4.0 while it was totally destroyed at pH1.0.Low temperature tended to protect lysozyme from damage.Mannitol protected lysozyme at the beginning and then accelerated its destruction.Organic solvent seriously destroyed lysozyme while the biological activity of lysozyme remained to some degree.Conclusion The pH value,temperature,protectant and organic solvent can obviously influence the physical stability and biological activity of lysozyme.
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