Identifying areas of high risk for collisions: A Canda-wide study of grade crossing safety
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Ranking sites and identifying high-crash risk locations based on various safety performance measures (e.g. expected crash frequency) are among the key tasks of the safety management program, enabling an effective allocation of funds for safety improvement projects. While several studies have discussed the issues relating to the hotspot identification process at a micro-level (e.g., intersections or highway segments), less attention is given to the macro-level hotspot identification issue: how to identify areas or regions with the highest risk of crashes. In this research, we introduce a Bayesian multilevel (hierarchical) model for estimating the regional differences while controlling for other important site attributes. The proposed method is illustrated using a case study on railway grade crossings in Canada. While accommodating the spatial dependencies of crash risk, our method allows a fair comparison of different regions by adjusting for the effect of covariates such as traffic exposure. In particular, we compute pairwise probabilities of crash risk for each province in Canada compared to all others. We are therefore able to draw inferences about regional safety performances under similar circumstances. Our findings indicate the need for further investigation to identify the possible reasons for inter-region variations in grade crossing safety across Canada. Our approach could be useful to guide safety policy development and resource allocation.Keywords:
Hotspot (geology)
Identification
Level crossing
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This paper describes an advance in the art of writing assemblers. It embodies an idea which has been suggested at least twice, but never actually implemented. In a compiled macro assembler, ordinary source language statements are processed in the usual way, but macros are processed in a novel way. The advantage of the compiled macro assembler is the speed with which it processes macros. An actual compiled macro assembler has been written by the author and his students, and the speed with which it processes macros, as distinguished from ordinary statements, has been rigorously tested.
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Assembly language
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Matrix (chemical analysis)
Decision maker
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This study examines the notion of generators of a pairwise comparisons matrix. Such approach decreases the number of pairwise comparisons from $n\cdot (n-1)$ to $n-1$. An algorithm of reconstructing of the PC matrix from its set of generators is presented.
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This Chapter contains sections titled: Why Use a Macro? Introducing the Macro Recorder Enabling Macros in Excel 2010 Excel Macro Examples
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WordPerfect version 5.0 has been widely praised for its enhancements with programmable macros. Based on a tradition of macro support since version 2.23, WordPerfect 5.0 allows users to manipulate text in ways previously possible only with more advanced programming languages. The new version, for example, allows for the assignment of variables, conditional testing, advanced looping, sub‐routines, and error handling. It also includes a macro editor as part of the basic software package. With the editor, you can easily modify existing macros—a feature particularly useful with large macros created with the new programming features. In this article I will provide a basic introduction to these macro capabilities and their uses. I have also designed a simple accessions list macro ( ACCLIST ) that demonstrates some of the new features. A later article will illustrate more complex possibilities.
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With interface macros you can perform actions such as opening another view, applying a filter, or creating a new record. There are two kinds: “embedded” UI macros, which attach directly to user interface objects such as command buttons, combo boxes, or the Action Bar button object, and “standalone” UI macros, contained in macro objects. To avoid duplicating code, reuse standalone UI macros by calling them from other macros. You can see the standalone UI macros in the Navigation Pane, under Macros, but you can’t run them directly from there. Use the Run Macro action to run a standalone UI macro from an embedded UI macro
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This chapter specifically covers data macros, which add yet another reason that macros in Access 2019 are a more attractive option than ever before. A data macro is logic users attach to a table to enforce business rules at the table level. Data macros are intended to make it easier to ensure consistent data handling throughout their application. The chapter discusses five different macro-programmable table events: BeforeChange, BeforeDelete, AfterInsert, AfterUpdate, and AfterDelete. Data macros use the same macro builder used to create embedded and user interface macros. The Action Catalog on the right side of the macro builder serves as the repository of macro actions the users add to their data macros. Data macros are attached directly to Access tables and not to individual fields. If the users have a situation where more than a few fields must be monitored or updated, the macro may become quite complex.
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Abstract Pairwise models are commonly used to describe many-species communities. In these models, a focal species receives additive fitness effects from pairwise interactions with other species in the community (“pairwise additivity assumption”), and all pairwise interactions are represented by a single canonical equation form (“universality assumption”). Here, we analyze the validity of pairwise modeling. We build mechanistic reference models for chemical-mediated interactions in microbial communities, and attempt to derive corresponding pairwise models. Even when one species affects another via a single chemical mediator, different forms of pairwise models are appropriate for consumable versus reusable mediators, with the wrong model producing qualitatively wrong predictions. For multi-mediator interactions, a canonical model becomes even less tenable. These results, combined with potential violation of the pairwise additivity assumption in communities of more than two species, suggest that although pairwise modeling can be useful, we should examine its validity before employing it.
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When a complex real-world application is deployed post-release, a number of crash reports are generated. As the number of clients using the product increases, so do the crash reports. Typically, the approach followed in many software organizations is to manually analyze a crash report to identify the erroneous module responsible for the crash. Naturally, when a large number of crash reports are generated daily, the development team requires a substantial amount of time to analyze all these reports. This in turn increases the turn-around time for crash report analysis which often leaves customers unhappy. In order to address this problem, we have developed an automated method to analyze a crash report and identify the erroneous module. This method is based on a novel algorithm that searches for exception-based patterns in crash reports and maps reference assemblies. We have applied this method to several thousand crash reports across four sub-systems of an industrial automation application. Results indicate that the algorithm not only achieves a high accuracy in finding the erroneous module and subsystem behind a crash, but also significantly reduces the turn-around time for crash report analysis.
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