Gaia Data Release 2. Observations of solar system objects

Astronomy and Astrophysics (2018)

F. Spoto P. Tanga F. Mignard J. Berthier B. Carry A. Cellino A. Dell’Oro Daniel Hestroffer K. Muinonen T. Pauwels JM Petit Patrice David F. De Angeli M. Delbò B. Frézouls L. Galluccio Mikael Granvik J. Guiraud J. Hernández C. Ordénovic J. Portell E. Poujoulet W. Thuillot G. Walmsley Aga Brown A. Vallenari T. Prusti Jhj de Bruijne C. Babusiaux C. A. L. Bailer-Jones M. Biermann DW Evans L. Eyer F. Jansen C. Jordi SA Klioner U. Lammers L. Lindegren X. Luri C. Panem D. Pourbaix S. Randich P. Sartoretti HI Siddiqui C. Soubiran F. van Leeuwen NA Walton F. Arenou U. Bastian M. Cropper R. Drimmel D. Katz MG Lattanzi J. Bakker C. Cacciari J. Castañeda L. Chaoul N. Cheek C. Fabricius R. Guerra B. Holl E. Masana R. Messineo N. Mowlavï K. Nienartowicz P. Panuzzo M. Riello GM Seabroke F. Thévenin G. Gracia-Abril G. Comoretto M. Garcia-Reinaldos D. Teyssier M. Altmann R. Andrae M. Audard I. Bellas-Velidis K. Benson R. Blomme P. W. Burgess G. Busso G. Clementini M. Clotet O. L. Creevey M. Davidson J. De Ridder L. Delchambre C. Ducourant J. Fernández-Hernández M. Fouesneau Y. Frémat Miguel García-Torres J. González-Núñez J. J. González-Vidal E. Gosset LP Guy J. L. Halbwachs NC Hambly DL Harrison ST Hodgkin A. Hutton G. Jasniewicz A. Jean-Antoine-Piccolo S. Jordan AJ Korn A. Krone-Martins AC Lanzafame T. Lebzelter W. Loeffler M. Manteiga P. M. Marrese JM Martin-Fleitas A. Moitinho A. Mora J. Osinde E. Pancino A. Recio–Blanco PJ Richards L. Rimoldini AC Robin LM Sarro C. Siopis M. Smith A. Sozzetti M. Sueveges J. Torra W. van Reeven U. Abbas A. Abreu Aramburu S. Accart C. Aerts G. Altavilla MA Alvarez R. Álvarez J. Alves RI Anderson AH Andrei E. Anglada Varela E. Antiche T. Antoja B. Arcay T. L. Astraatmadja N. Bach SG Baker L. Balaguer-Núñez P.H.M. Balm C. Barache Carlos Barata D. Barbato F. Barblan P. S. Barklem D. Barrado M. Barros M. A. Barstow S. Bartholomé Muñoz J.-L. Bassilana U. Becciani M. Bellazzini Á. Berihuete S. Bertone L. Bianchi O. Bienaymé S. Blanco-Cuaresma T. Boch C. Boeche A. Bombrun R. Borrachero D. Bossini S. Bouquillon G. Bourda A. Bragaglia L. Bramante MA Breddels A. Bressan N. Brouillet T. Bruesemeister E. Brugaletta B. Bucciarelli Alexandru Burlacu D. Busonero AG Butkevich R. Buzzi E. Caffau R. Cancelliere G. Cannizzaro T. Cantat-Gaudin R. Carballo T. Carlucci JM Carrasco L. Casamiquela M. Castellani A. Castro-Ginard P. Charlot L. Chemin A. Chiavassa G. Cocozza G. Costigan S. Cowell F. Crifo M. Crosta C. Crowley J. Cuypers Carlos Dafonte Y. Damerdji A. Dapergolas M. David P. de Laverny F. De Luise R. De March R. de Souza A. de Torres J. Debosscher E. del Pozo A. Delgado HE Delgado S. Diakité C. Diener E. Distefano C. Dolding P. Drazinos J. Durán B. Edvardsson H. Enke Kimmo Eriksson P. Esquej GE Bontemps C. Fabre M. Fabrizio S. Faigler A. J. Falcão Marc Casas L. Federici G. Fedorets P. Fernique F. Figueras Francesco Maria De Filippi K. Findeisen A. Fonti E. Fraile M. Fraser M. Gai S. Galleti D. Garabato F. García-Sedano A. Garofalo N. Garralda A. Gavel P. Gavras J. Gerssen R. Geyer P. Giacobbe G. Gilmore S. Girona G. Giuffrida F. Glass M. Gomes A. Guéguen A. Guerrier R. Gutiérrez–Sánchez R. Haigron D. Hatzidimitriou M. Häuser M. Haywood U. Heiter A. Helmi J. Heu T. Hilger D. Hobbs Wilfried Hofmann G. Holland H. E. Huckle Arkadiusz Hypki Icardi K. Janßen GJ de Fombelle P. G. Jonker AL Juhasz F. Julbé A. Karampelas A. Kewley Jochen Klar A. Kochoska R. Kohley K. Kolenberg M. Kontizas E. Kontizas SE Koposov G. Kordopatis Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska P. Koubský S. Lambert AF Lanza Y. Lasne J-B Lavigne Y. Le Fustec C. Le Poncin-Lafitte Y. Lebreton S. Leccia N. Leclerc I. Lecœur-Taı̈bi H. Lenhardt F. Leroux S. Liao E. Licata Hep Lindstrom TA Lister E. Livanou A. Lobel M. López S. Managau RG Mann G. Mantelet O. Marchal JM Marchant M. Marconi S. Marinoni G. Marschalkó DJ Marshall M. Martino G. Marton Nicolas Mary D. Massari G. Matijevič T. Mazeh PJ McMillan S. Messina Daniel Michalik NR Millar D. Molina R. Molinaro L. Molnár P. Montegriffo R. Mor R. Morbidelli T. Morel D. Morris AF Mulone T. Muraveva I. Musella G. Nelemans L. Nicastro L. Noval William O’Mullane D. Ordóñez-Blanco P. Osborne C. Pagani I. Pagano F. Pailler H. Palacin L. Palaversa A. Panahi M. Pawlak A. M. Piersimoni F.‐X. Pineau E. Plachy G. Plum E. Poggio A. Prša L. Pulone E. Racero S. Ragaini Nicolas Rambaux M. Ramos-Lerate S. Regibo C. Reylé F. Riclet Ripepi A. Riva Andrew L. Rivard G. Rixon T. Roegiers M. Roelens M. Romero-Gómez N. Rowell F. Royer L. Ruiz-Dern G. Sadowski TS Selles J. Sahlmann J. Salgado E. Salguero N. Sanna T. Santana-Ros M. Sarasso H. Savietto M. Schultheis ‬‬‬‬‬‬Eva Sciacca M. Segol J. C. Segovia D. Ségransan I.-C. Shih L. Siltala AF Silva RL Smart K. W. Smith E. Solano F. Solitro R. Sordo S. Soria Nieto J. Souchay A. Spagna U. Stampa I. A. Steele H. Steidelmueller C. A. Stephenson H. Stoev F. F. Suess Jean Surdej L. Szabados E. Szegedi-Elek D. Tapiador F. Taris G. Tauran MB Taylor R. Teixeira D. Terrett P. Teyssandier A. Titarenko F. Torra Clotet C. Turon A. Ulla E. Utrilla S. Uzzi M. Vaillant G. Valentini Valette A. van Elteren E. Van Hemelryck M. van Leeuwen M. Vaschetto Alberto Vecchiato J. Veljanoski Y. Viala D. Vicente Steven S. Vogt C. von Essen H. Voss Votruba S. Voutsinas M. Weiler O. Wertz T. Wevers Ł. Wyrzykowski A. Yoldas M. Žerjal H. Ziaeepour J. Zorec S. Zschocke S. Zucker C. Zurbach T. Zwitter

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Abstract:

Context. The Gaia spacecraft of the European Space Agency (ESA) has been securing observations of solar system objects (SSOs) since the beginning of its operations. Data Release 2 (DR2) contains the observations of a selected sample of 14,099 SSOs. These asteroids have been already identified and have been numbered by the Minor Planet Center repository. Positions are provided for each Gaia observation at CCD level. As additional information, complementary to astrometry, the apparent brightness of SSOs in the unfiltered G band is also provided for selected observations.Aims. We explain the processing of SSO data, and describe the criteria we used to select the sample published in Gaia DR2. We then explore the data set to assess its quality.Methods. To exploit the main data product for the solar system in Gaia DR2, which is the epoch astrometry of asteroids, it is necessary to take into account the unusual properties of the uncertainty, as the position information is nearly one-dimensional. When this aspect is handled appropriately, an orbit fit can be obtained with post-fit residuals that are overall consistent with the a-priori error model that was used to define individual values of the astrometric uncertainty. The role of both random and systematic errors is described. The distribution of residuals allowed us to identify possible contaminants in the data set (such as stars). Photometry in the G band was compared to computed values from reference asteroid shapes and to the flux registered at the corresponding epochs by the red and blue photometers (RP and BP).Results. The overall astrometric performance is close to the expectations, with an optimal range of brightness G ~ 12 − 17. In this range, the typical transit-level accuracy is well below 1 mas. For fainter asteroids, the growing photon noise deteriorates the performance. Asteroids brighter than G ~ 12 are affected by a lower performance of the processing of their signals. The dramatic improvement brought by Gaia DR2 astrometry of SSOs is demonstrated by comparisons to the archive data and by preliminary tests on the detection of subtle non-gravitational effects.

Keywords:

Astrometry

Minor planet

Topics:

Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies

Astro and Planetary Science

Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation

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An extension of the Bus asteroid taxonomy into the near-infrared

Icarus (2009)

F. E. DeMeo Richard P. Binzel Stephen M. Slivan S. J. Bus

10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.005

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Optimization Methods for Asteroid Lightcurve Inversion II. The Complete Inverse Problem

Icarus (2001)

M. Kaasalainen

Rotation period

10.1006/icar.2001.6674

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Citations (399)

Volumes and bulk densities of forty asteroids from ADAM shape modeling

Astronomy and Astrophysics (2017)

J. Hanuš M. Viikinkoski Franck Marchis Josef Ďurech M. Kaasalainen

Disk-integrated photometric data of asteroids do not contain accurate information on shape details or size scale. Additional data such as disk-resolved images or stellar occultation measurements further constrain asteroid shapes and allow size estimates. We aim to use all available disk-resolved images of about forty asteroids obtained by the Near-InfraRed Camera (Nirc2) mounted on the W.M. Keck II telescope together with the disk-integrated photometry and stellar occultation measurements to determine their volumes. We can then use the volume, in combination with the known mass, to derive the bulk density. We download and process all asteroid disk-resolved images obtained by the Nirc2 that are available in the Keck Observatory Archive (KOA). We combine optical disk-integrated data and stellar occultation profiles with the disk-resolved images and use the All-Data Asteroid Modeling (ADAM) algorithm for the shape and size modeling. Our approach provides constraints on the expected uncertainty in the volume and size as well. We present shape models and volume for 41 asteroids. For 35 asteroids, the knowledge of their mass estimates from the literature allowed us to derive their bulk densities. We clearly see a trend of lower bulk densities for primitive objects (C-complex) than for S-complex asteroids. The range of densities in the X-complex is large, suggesting various compositions. Moreover, we identified a few objects with rather peculiar bulk densities, which is likely a hint of their poor mass estimates. Asteroid masses determined from the Gaia astrometric observations should further refine most of the density estimates.

Occultation

10.1051/0004-6361/201629956

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Citations (74)

Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment

Computing in Science & Engineering (2007)

John D. Hunter

Matplotlib is a 2D graphics package used for Python for application development, interactive scripting,and publication-quality image generation across user interfaces and operating systems

10.1109/mcse.2007.55

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Citations (29,927)

Gaia Data Release 2

Astronomy and Astrophysics (2018)

A. G. A. Brown A. Vallenari T. Prusti J. H. J. de Bruijne C. Babusiaux

Context. We present the second Gaia data release, Gaia DR2, consisting of astrometry, photometry, radial velocities, and information on astrophysical parameters and variability, for sources brighter than magnitude 21. In addition epoch astrometry and photometry are provided for a modest sample of minor planets in the solar system. Aims. A summary of the contents of Gaia DR2 is presented, accompanied by a discussion on the differences with respect to Gaia DR1 and an overview of the main limitations which are still present in the survey. Recommendations are made on the responsible use of Gaia DR2 results. Methods. The raw data collected with the Gaia instruments during the first 22 months of the mission have been processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) and turned into this second data release, which represents a major advance with respect to Gaia DR1 in terms of completeness, performance, and richness of the data products. Results. Gaia DR2 contains celestial positions and the apparent brightness in G for approximately 1.7 billion sources. For 1.3 billion of those sources, parallaxes and proper motions are in addition available. The sample of sources for which variability information is provided is expanded to 0.5 million stars. This data release contains four new elements: broad-band colour information in the form of the apparent brightness in the G BP (330–680 nm) and G RP (630–1050 nm) bands is available for 1.4 billion sources; median radial velocities for some 7 million sources are presented; for between 77 and 161 million sources estimates are provided of the stellar effective temperature, extinction, reddening, and radius and luminosity; and for a pre-selected list of 14 000 minor planets in the solar system epoch astrometry and photometry are presented. Finally, Gaia DR2 also represents a new materialisation of the celestial reference frame in the optical, the Gaia -CRF2, which is the first optical reference frame based solely on extragalactic sources. There are notable changes in the photometric system and the catalogue source list with respect to Gaia DR1, and we stress the need to consider the two data releases as independent. Conclusions. Gaia DR2 represents a major achievement for the Gaia mission, delivering on the long standing promise to provide parallaxes and proper motions for over 1 billion stars, and representing a first step in the availability of complementary radial velocity and source astrophysical information for a sample of stars in the Gaia survey which covers a very substantial fraction of the volume of our galaxy.

Astrometry

10.1051/0004-6361/201833051

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Citations (7,531)

TheGaiamission

Astronomy and Astrophysics (2016)

T. Prusti J. H. J. de Bruijne A. G. A. Brown A. Vallenari C. Babusiaux

Gaia is a cornerstone mission in the science programme of the EuropeanSpace Agency (ESA). The spacecraft construction was approved in 2006, following a study in which the original interferometric concept was changed to a direct-imaging approach. Both the spacecraft and the payload were built by European industry. The involvement of the scientific community focusses on data processing for which the international Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) was selected in 2007. Gaia was launched on 19 December 2013 and arrived at its operating point, the second Lagrange point of the Sun-Earth-Moon system, a few weeks later. The commissioning of the spacecraft and payload was completed on 19 July 2014. The nominal five-year mission started with four weeks of special, ecliptic-pole scanning and subsequently transferred into full-sky scanning mode. We recall the scientific goals of Gaia and give a description of the as-built spacecraft that is currently (mid-2016) being operated to achieve these goals. We pay special attention to the payload module, the performance of which is closely related to the scientific performance of the mission. We provide a summary of the commissioning activities and findings, followed by a description of the routine operational mode. We summarise scientific performance estimates on the basis of in-orbit operations. Several intermediate Gaia data releases are planned and the data can be retrieved from the Gaia Archive, which is available through the Gaia home page.

10.1051/0004-6361/201629272

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Citations (5,639)

Star catalog position and proper motion corrections in asteroid astrometry

Icarus (2014)

Davide Farnocchia Steven R. Chesley A. B. Chamberlin D. J. Tholen

Astrometry

Ephemeris

Guide star

Position (finance)

Orbit (dynamics)

Proper motion