Proprioception After Spine Injury and Surgery
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Proprioception
Motor Control
A clinical study of the patients with peripheral vestibular disorders and 25 normal subjects was conducted with the visual somatosensory body equilibrium test (EquiTest® system). This test system analyzes patients' responses to stimuli to various components of the body balance system. The two series of test conditions were calculated as follow.(1) Sensory organization test : The contributions of the three sensory inputs providing orientation information were evaluated : visual, vestibular, and somatosensory. The patients were forced to stand without visual or somatosensory information or with false stimuli.(2) Movement corrdination test : The patient's ability to make corrective movements to regain equilibrium was tested. The patients were exposed to brief backward and forward horizontal movements of the support surface, which was also tilted so the tose were up or down.(1) The balance system and righting reflex in patients with peripheral vestibular lesions and in normal subjects were evaluated with the EquiTest®.(2) Correct visual or somatosensory information was indispensable for patients with peripheral vestibular disorders to maintain stable standing. Somatosensory information was vitally important.(3) The activity of the stretch reflexes in the lower limbs of the patients was not much affected when the eyes were open.
Somatosensory evoked potential
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Aging is associated with peripheral and central declines in vestibular processing and postural control. Here we used functional MRI to investigate age differences in neural vestibular representations in response to pneumatic tap stimulation. We also measured the amount of body sway in multiple balance tasks outside of the MRI scanner to assess the relationship between individuals' balance ability and their vestibular neural response. We found a general pattern of activation in canonical vestibular cortex and deactivation in cross modal sensory regions in response to vestibular stimulation. We found that activation amplitude of the vestibular cortex was correlated with age, with younger individuals exhibiting higher activation. Deactivation of visual and somatosensory regions increased with age and was associated with poorer balance. The results demonstrate that brain activations and deactivations in response to vestibular stimuli are correlated with balance, and the pattern of these correlations varies with age. The findings also suggest that older adults exhibit less sensitivity to vestibular stimuli, and may compensate by differentially reweighting visual and somatosensory processes.
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Vestibular inputs are constantly processed and integrated with signals from other sensory modalities, such as vision and touch. The multiply-connected nature of vestibular cortical anatomy led us to investigate whether vestibular signals could participate in a multi-way interaction with visual and somatosensory perception. We used signal detection methods to identify whether vestibular stimulation might interact with both visual and somatosensory events in a detection task. Participants were instructed to detect near-threshold somatosensory stimuli that were delivered to the left index finger in one half of experimental trials. A visual signal occurred close to the finger in half of the trials, independent of somatosensory stimuli. A novel Near infrared caloric vestibular stimulus (NirCVS) was used to artificially activate the vestibular organs. Sham stimulations were used to control for non-specific effects of NirCVS. We found that both visual and vestibular events increased somatosensory sensitivity. Critically, we found no evidence for supra-additive multisensory enhancement when both visual and vestibular signals were administered together: in fact, we found a trend towards sub-additive interaction. The results are compatible with a vestibular role in somatosensory gain regulation.
Stimulus (psychology)
Galvanic vestibular stimulation
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Multisensory Integration
Sensory threshold
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Galvanic vestibular stimulation
Somatosensory evoked potential
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Proprioception
Motor Control
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It is well known that the vestibular system is an important sensory system used by the brain for postural control or human balance. To maintain postural control, the brain needs to integrate with other signals from the various sensory systems. The somatosensory system is one such sensory system. Evidence in healthy people suggests that Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) has facilitatory effects on somatosensory perception such as touch. As GVS is uncomfortable, it is more feasible to deliver a new variant of GVS called noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) which delivers GVS with a sub-threshold weak current. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effects of nGVS on somatosensory perception on foot in healthy adults. The findings will provide new insights for better understanding any somatosensory enhancement induced by nGVS on sensory perception on foot. It is assumed that this proposed study has a potential to expand our understanding of the links between the vestibular system and the somatosensory system by giving a detailed view of whether the vestibular system can influence processing within the somatosensory pathway, which is important for human balance. This subsequent research is the first step which will provide greater understanding of the effects of nGVS on balance and may help in developing a new treatment using nGVS for people with poor balance. In this presentation I will present the methodology how we are going to understand the links between vestibular and somatosensory system using nGVS behind ears and seeing its effect on sensory perception on foot.
Galvanic vestibular stimulation
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The vestibular system has widespread interactions with other sensory modalities. Here we investigate whether vestibular stimulation modulates somatosensory function, by assessing the ability to detect faint tactile stimuli to the fingertips of the left and right hand with or without galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS). We found that left anodal and right cathodal GVS, significantly enhanced sensitivity to mild shocks on either hand, without affecting response bias. There was no such effect with either right anodal and left cathodal GVS or sham stimulation. Further, the enhancement of somatosensory sensitivity following GVS does not strongly depend on the duration of GVS, or the interval between GVS and tactile stimulation. Vestibular inputs reach the somatosensory cortex, increasing the sensitivity of perceptual circuitry.
Galvanic vestibular stimulation
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Tactile Perception
Sensory stimulation therapy
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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to a progressive decline in motor function. Growing evidence indicates that PD patients also experience an array of sensory problems that negatively impact motor function. This is especially true for proprioceptive deficits, which profoundly degrade motor performance. This review specifically address the relation between proprioception and motor impairments in PD. It is structured around 4 themes: (a) It examines whether the sensitivity of kinaesthetic perception, which is based on proprioceptive inputs, is actually altered in PD. (b) It discusses whether failed processes of proprioceptive-motor integration are central to the motor problems in PD. (c) It presents recent findings focusing on the link between the proprioception and the balance problems in PD. And (d) it discusses the current state of knowledge of how levodopa medication and deep brain stimulation affect proprioceptive and motor function in PD. The authors conclude that a failure to evaluate and to map proprioceptive information onto voluntary and reflexive motor commands is an integral part of the observed motor symptoms in PD.
Proprioception
Motor Control
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During normal healthy ageing there is a decline in the ability to control simple movements, characterised by increased reaction times, movement durations and variability. There is also growing evidence of age-related proprioceptive loss which may contribute to these impairments. However, this relationship has not been studied in detail for the upper limb. We recruited 20 younger adults (YAs) and 31 older adults (OAs) who each performed 2 tasks on a 2D robotic manipulandum. The first assessed dynamic proprioceptive acuity using active, multi-joint movements constrained by the robot to a pre-defined path. Participants made perceptual judgements of the lateral position of the unseen arm. The second task required fast, accurate and discrete movements to the same targets in the absence of visual feedback of the hand, and without robotic intervention. We predicted that the variable proprioceptive error (uncertainty range) assessed in Task 1 would be increased in physically inactive OAs and would predict increased movement variability in Task 2. Instead we found that physically inactive OAs had larger systematic proprioceptive errors (bias) than YAs (t[33] = 2.8, p = 0.009), and neither proprioceptive uncertainty nor bias was related to motor performance in either age group (all regression model R2 ≤ 0.06). We suggest that previously reported estimates of proprioceptive decline with ageing may be exaggerated by task demands and that the extent of these deficits is unrelated to control of discrete, rapid movement. The relationship between dynamic proprioceptive acuity and movement control in other tasks with greater emphasis on online feedback is still unclear and warrants further investigation.
Proprioception
Motor Control
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