Vitrimer Elastomer‐Based Jigsaw Puzzle‐Like Healable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self‐Powered Wearable Electronics
Jianan DengXiao KuangRuiyuan LiuWenbo DingAurelia Chi WangYing‐Chih LaiKai DongZhen WenYaxian WangLili WangH. Jerry QiTong ZhangZhong Lin Wang
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Abstract Functional polymers possess outstanding uniqueness in fabricating intelligent devices such as sensors and actuators, but they are rarely used for converting mechanical energy into electric power. Here, a vitrimer based triboelectric nanogenerator (VTENG) is developed by embedding a layer of silver nanowire percolation network in a dynamic disulfide bond‐based vitrimer elastomer. In virtue of covalent dynamic disulfide bonds in the elastomer matrix, a thermal stimulus enables in situ healing if broken, on demand reconfiguration of shape, and assembly of more sophisticated structures of VTENG devices. On rupture or external damage, the structural integrity and conductivity of VTENG are restored under rapid thermal stimulus. The flexible and stretchable VTENG can be scaled up akin to jigsaw puzzles and transformed from 2D to 3D structures. It is demonstrated that this self‐healable and shape‐adaptive VTENG can be utilized for mechanical energy harvesters and self‐powered tactile/pressure sensors with extended lifetime and excellent design flexibility. These results show that the incorporation of organic materials into electronic devices can not only bestow functional properties but also provide new routes for flexible device fabrication.Keywords:
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Triboelectric nanogenerators are devices that can transform mechanical energy into electrical energy, and regulating their performance is critical for energy harvesting applications and other applications where they act as sensors. In the present work, we have fabricated a ferroelectric PVDF-NaNbO3 nanocomposite film-based triboelectric nanogenerator and demonstrated a large tuning (64%) of the output of the triboelectric nanogenerator by adjusting its electrical polarization state. The triboelectric nanogenerator fabricated using a negatively polarized PVDF-NaNbO3 nanocomposite film has an instantaneous output power of 0.17 mW, which is significantly higher than the triboelectric nanogenerator fabricated using a positively polarized PVDF-NaNbO3 nanocomposite film, which has an output power of 0.06 mW. Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements were carried out to explore the cause of the change in the output with the change in the polarization state of the films. The work function of the PVDF-NaNbO3 film is found to change with the polarization of the film, which resulted in the change in the output. More explanation of the effect of the polarization state on the performance of the triboelectric nanogenerator has been presented using an electronic energy level diagram of the contacting materials. The current work demonstrated the advantage of using ferroelectric polymers for triboelectric nanogenerator applications, because the output performance of the triboelectric nanogenerator can be tuned as per requirement.
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Abstract The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), based on the triboelectrification coupled with electrostatic induction, can directly convert ambient mechanical energy into electric energy. However, the output performance of TENG is still low and demands further improvement to speed up the commercial application. In this work, we demonstrate a TENG based on a flexible and transparent composite film made of PDMS and ZIF-8. When the amount of the ZIF-8 is 4 wt%, the generated output current and voltage of the TENG are gradually increased up to 16.3 μ A and 176 V, which are 210% and 230% higher than that of TENG without ZIF-8, respectively. Impregnated ZIF-8 which exhibits a positive polarity lowers the effective work function of the PDMS and enhance the surface charge density, verified by Kelvin probe force microscope measurement.
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Triboelectric nanogenerator could efficaciously harvest the mechanical energy that come from the ambient environment, which has become a research hotspot in the sphere of wearable electronic technology. Here, a self-powered and highly stretchable single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator with an undulating three-dimensional surface crumpled structure is reported. The triboelectric nanogenerator has a multilayer structure with a crumpled nanofiber membrane as the triboelectric material. Due to the materials and structural innovations, the triboelectric nanogenerator possesses outstanding electric output stability and stretchability. It could subtly transform the unstretched flexible nanofiber membrane into a stretchable material, while overcoming the deficiency that the nanofiber membrane has a tendency to be delaminated from the electrode layer during long-term operation. Utilizing the triboelectric nanogenerator directly attached to human skin could efficaciously harvest the ignored mechanical energy that come from our daily activities.
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Charge density is one of the most important parameters of triboelectric nanogenerators since it directly determines performance; unfortunately, it is largely restricted by the phenomenon of air breakdown. Here, we design a self-improving triboelectric nanogenerator with improved charge density. A maximum effective charge density of 490 μC m-2 is obtained, which is about two times higher than the highest reported charge density of a triboelectric nanogenerator that operates in an air environment. At the beginning of the working process, the charge accumulation speed is increased 5.8 times in comparison with a triboelectric nanogenerator that is incorporated into the self-improving device. The self-improving triboelectric nanogenerator overcomes the restriction of air breakdown and exhibits an increased effective charge density, which contributes to the improvement of the output performance, and the increase of charge accumulation speed will accelerate the increase of the output power at the start of operation.
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Triboelectric nanogenerators are attracting considerable interest among the scientific community due to their potential applications in the field of energy harvesting and self-powered active sensors for touches, pressures, vibrations, accelerations and other dynamic mechanical motions. Here, we report a new class of triboelectric nanogenerator based on polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers. Furthermore, the chapter investigates the potential of this triboelectric nanogenerator for detection and quantification of pressures. For this purpose, the triboelectric nanogenerator is subjected to controlled pressures using the technique of dynamic mechanic analysis. The experimental results reveal that the sensor electric responses increase linearlly under stronger pressures. The pressure sensor has a wide detection range from 0 to 2000 Pa with a high sensitivity of 0.936 nA/Pa for the low-pressure region (˂ 800 Pa). Furthermore, the sensor electric outputs are very stable and exhibit almost no change for repeated applications of the same pressure. The main contributions of this work are the development of a novel triboelectric nanogenerator based on polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers and the investigation for its potential use for the detection and quantification of pressures. This work succesfully demonstrated that the developed triboelectric nanogenerator measure dynamic pressures in real time, which has important applications in pressure monitoring, touch screens, and medical devices.
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A method based on ferroelectric dipole to enhance surface charge density of triboelectric generator was proposed. By using the ferroelectric properties of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a positive charge trap was formed in the triboelectric layer to enhance the electric generating performance of the triboelectric material, so as to improve the surface charge density of the triboelectric nanogenerator. The PVDF film was fabricated by casting and uniaxial tensile process, and integrated into the triboelectric nanogenerator with vertical separation structure. The influences of the embedding direction, thickness and polarization intensity of the PVDF film on the output of the triboelectric nanogenerator were systematically studied. The results showed that the embedded PVDF piezoelectric film with a thickness of 100 µm and a maximum polarization electric field of 90 MV/m increased the peak power of the triboelectric nanogenerator by 2.6 times. This work has provided a new insight into regulating the properties of the triboelectric nanogenerator.
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