Compositional Variability of Lignin in Biomass
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The objective of this chapter is to provide a concise overview of lignin composition and structure in different species and materials (wood, barks and nonwood plants). It includes a brief review on the lignin precursors and their polymerization as well as of the analytical tools used for lignin characterization from wet chemical to spectroscopic methods. Wood of gymnosperms is characterized by high lignin content (25–35%) and a HG-type of lignin with more guaiacyl (G) units and a small portion of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units. Wood of angiosperms has a lignin content of 15–28%, with a GS-lignin having different proportions of syringyl (S) units. Nonwoody monocotyledon species have different lignin content (9–20%) and a HGS type of lignin, characterized by a high proportion of H units. Bark lignin content ranges from 13 to 43% and is of HGS-type with species-specific composition and different in the bark components, phloem and cork. Lignin composition and macromolecular structure are key issues to understand the properties of lignocellulosic materials and to design a lignin-based pathway within biomass biorefineries. The available information on lignin composition is still limited to a few species and plant components. This is certainly an area where more research is needed.Keywords:
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Explanation of NREL/TP-510-426181 laboratory analytical procedure. 1A. Sluiter, B. Hames, R.O. Ruiz, C. Scarlata, J. Sluiter, D. Templeton, D. Croker, Determination of Structural Carbohydrates and Lignin in Biomass, Biomass Analysis Technology Team Laboratory Analytical Procedure, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, 2010 NREL/TP-510-42618.
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The present study was undertaken in Forest Science Faculty, Universidad de Nuevo Leon, Mexico on variability of Wood density and its possible relation to few wood chemical composition and wood fiber cell structure anatomy. The results reveal that among 10 specie studied, there exist a large variation in wood density (0.51 to 1.09), and few wood chemical composition such % carbón (37.14 to 44.07), nitrogen (9.18 to 19.22), sulphur (31.45 to 33/82), lignin (15/28 to 24.35), hemicellulose (19.94 to 27.36%), and % cellulose (33.69 to 45.92). In general, though there was no clear relationship between wood density and other chemical composition of wood. It was observed that the species having moderate to high wood density contained >40% carbón, >30% sulphur and >40% cellulose and more or less 20% lignin. It seems that carbón, sulphur, cellulose and lignin content contribute to greater density. The wood fiber cell with wall lignification seems to be related to higher wood density.
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This paper presents a review of the recent advances in research on the interactions between the components of lignocellulosic biomass. The literature reports on the effects of interaction between lignocellulosic biomass components, such as cellulose–lignin, lignin–hemicellulose, and hemicellulose–cellulose, were discussed. The results obtained by other researchers were analyzed from the viewpoint of the interactions between the pyrolysis products formed along with the impact effects of the organic and inorganic components present or added to the biomass with regard to the yield and composition of the pyrolysis products. Disagreements about some statements were noted along with the lack of an unequivocal opinion about the directivity of interactions occurring during biomass pyrolysis. Based on the data in the scientific literature, it was suggested that the course of the pyrolysis process of biomass blends can be appropriately directed by changes in the ratio of basic biomass components or by additions of inorganic or organic substances.
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This review summarizes the recent advances in biomass upgrading for polyol production with an emphasis on the formation of glycols.
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Bioenergy recovery from lignocellulosic (LC) biomass is the beneficial and sustainable approach due to its abundant availability. On the Otherhand, its recalcitrant nature makes the biomass to resist biological hydrolysis and it limits the conversion potential of organics to biomethane. Thus, it is essential to evaluate the association among the recalcitrant nature of LC biomass and its biomethane conversion efficiency. Consequently, this review critically recaps the recalcitrance of LC biomass and its effects on bioenergy recovery, its composition and characteristics. In addition, various enhancement approaches (pretreatments) were conferred as main aspect which plays main role in biomass disintegration and biomethane increment. Based on up -to -date information, elevated energy input and cost necessities of the pretreatments are the main factors that mediates the economic feasibility of the process. The present review apart from spotlighting the pretreatment efficiency, it also focusses on the challenges and limitations of enhancement strategies, energy and technoeconomic feasibility of the various pretreatments of LC biomass.
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