Association Analysis of Drought and Yield Related Traits in Upland Land Races of Rice
Swapan K. TripathySasmita DashA. M. PrustiReshmi RajKRMihir Ranjan MohantySomnath PandaAsit Prasad DashPavitra Mohan MohapatraKartik Chandra Pradhan
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A set of ninety six land races including a few popular upland rice varieties were assessed to study inter-relationship of drought and yield related traits. Number of ear bearing tillers/m2, panicle weight and fertility percentage correlated significantly with grain yield/ha and the latter two component traits have very high inter se significant positive correlation under drought stress. Bold kernel type was shown to have significant positive association with grain fertility percentage. Plant height and seed yield under drought stress was negatively associated with leaf rolling score which in turn had inverse relationship with flowering and maturity duration. Thus, drought tolerance in upland rice varieties could be assessed in terms of improved grain filling and such characteristic feature may be associated with genotypes having intermediate plant height, moderate flowering and maturity duration.Keywords:
Upland rice
Association (psychology)
Upland rice is generally produced on acid soils of low inherent fertility, with no inorganic nutrients applied. The utility of incorporating grain or forage legumes into intercrops with upland rice was examined with the objective to increase the N availability to rice. Rice N yields, when intercropped with determinate early-maturing legumes, were about the same as with sole rice, while grain yields were between 70 and 100 percent of sole rice yields. The net nitrogen benefit and the rice yield compensation observed were due to the increased soil and aerial space available after the legume was removed. Direct N transfer did not appear to play a significant role in net N availability to rice. Indeterminant cultivars of cowpea and lablab were tested as intercrops with rice to supply green leaf manure to the rice crop. They supplied 21 and 93 kg N/ha to intercropped rice when clipped as green leaf manure. Rice yields in the intercrop were maintained compared to sole rice. N uptake increased 21 to 66 percent. The legumes yielded an additional 1.02 t/ha and 0.5 t/ha grain, respectively. When plowed down at the end of the subsequent dry season, prior to planting the following year's rice crop, the lablab supplied 19.0 t/ha fresh green manure biomass over 100 kg N/ha. The results suggest that a production system based on intercropping rice and indeterminate legumes may substantially improve the sustained yield of upland rice in low external input conditions.
Intercropping
Upland rice
Cropping system
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Abstract High grain yields of upland rice ( Oryza sativa L.) can be achieved in no-tillage systems. However, managing nitrogen (N) fertilization for rice in succession to forage grasses is a challenge because forage residues change N cycling and increase microbial immobilization of N, thereby reducing N availability to the subsequent cash crop. In the present study, two field experiments were conducted to determine if applying all or part of the N fertilizer on preceding palisade grass ( Urochloa brizantha ) and ruzigrass ( Urochloa ruziziensis ) or their desiccated residues immediately before rice seeding can supply N to the subsequent rice crop. Forage biomass yield (8–16 Mg ha − 1 ), N accumulation, and N supply to the subsequent upland rice were highest when all of the N fertilizer was applied on forage grasses at 50, 40 or 35 days before rice seeding (DBS), as opposed to the conventional split application at rice seeding and at tillering. On average, the grain yield of upland rice was 54% higher in succession to palisade grass compared with ruzigrass. The grain yield of rice was higher when N was applied to palisade grass at 35 DBS and ruzigrass at 50 DBS, reaching 5.0 Mg ha − 1 and 3.7 Mg ha − 1 , respectively. However, applying N to ruzigrass was less effective for increasing upland rice yields since the yields did not differ from the treatments with the conventional split application. Adjusting the time of N application to forage grasses to increase the grain yields of subsequent upland rice is a sustainable alternative that can promote the economic viability of upland rice production.
Upland rice
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The study was begun in an effort to make clear the difference of growth and yield, especially dry matter and carbohydrate production, of paddy and upland rice crop grown under paddy-and upland-field conditions. A supplementary study of the effect of fertilizer and soil moisture contents was introduced into the experiment on the upland field plots. Experiments were carried out with paddy rice variety Fujisaka No. 5 and upland rice varieties Norin No. 12 and No. 21. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Among the factors which constitute rice yields, such factors which are determined by the time of heading as the number of ears, number of grains per ear were larger under the upland field condition than under the paddy field condition. And such factors which are influenced after heading as percentage of ripened grain, 1, 000-kernel weight were larger under the latter condition than under the former condition. 2. The ratio of the amount of carbohydrates stored by the time of heading to those of carbo-hydrates in the grain yields was higher under the upland field condition than under the paddy field condition. On the other hand, the ratio of the amount of carbohydrates produced after heading to those of carbohydrates in the grain yield was higher under the paddy field condition than under the upland field condition. 3. Therefore, the yield of upland rice grown under upland field condition was as high as that grown under paddy field condition because of their greater vegetative growth and larger amounts of carbohydrates stored by the time of heading, in spite of the low photosynthetic ability after heading. 4. Paddy ribe variety Fujisaka No. 5 showed higher photosynthetic ability than either of two upland rice varieties under both conditions after heading, thus resulted in approximately 11 per cent increase in its yield as compared with the yield of upland rice under the paddy field condition. But under the upland field condition the hulled rice yield of paddy rice was about 1, 000 kg. per hectare lower, representing an decrease of 22 per cent on the basis of the yield under paddy field condition, because of their poor growth by the time of heading. 5. At the high level of nitrogen supply, the photosynthetic ability of the both of paddy- and upland-rice after heading, was reduced, especially the reduction of the latter was remarkable. 6. In the unirrigated plot, the amount of the both carbohydrates stored by the time of heading and accumulated after heading in the grain were less. By the irrigation both of these increased, and the amount of non-reducing sugar was reduced remarkably. 7. The amount of growth of paddy rice variety Fujisaka No. 5 was smaller than that of the upland rice varieties under both condition, paddy-and upland-field. Especially under the latter condition, the ratio of the amount of carbohydrates accumulated by the time of heading and translocated to the grain to the total amount of carbohydrates in the grain was low even under irrigated condition. The content of non-reducing sugar was also low, showing that paddy rice suffered from the drought even under the soil moisture condition sufficient for upland rice growth.
Upland rice
Paddy field
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The experimental results of winter forage crops were described in the previous report (Report I). In this paper, the growth and yield of succeeding summer crops are reported. 1) When early sowing upland rice was transplanted after Italian ryegrass, rooting was poor. And when early sowing upland or paddy rice was sown after Italian ryegrass, hairy vetch, red clover and serradella, germination was depressed. 2) The growth in earlier stage of early sowing upland rice was poor, when sown after Italian ryegrass, oats and oat-vetch mixture. This was not seen in early sowing paddy rice. In mature stage, however, no clear difference was seen in both of upland and paddy rice. 3) The yield of early sowing paddy rice was reduced when sown after red clover, serradella and Italian ryegrass. In upland rice, however, no clear difference was seen. 4) Growth and yield of sweet potato were superior when planted after red clover and hairy vetch, and were particularly notable in the weight of vine. 5) Effect of winter forage crops was remarkable on the growth of sweet potato and early sowing paddy rice in upland field, but was not clear on that of early sowing upland rice.
Upland rice
Red Clover
Semis
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Intercropping
Upland rice
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To improve our capability of association helps to strengthen our memory in listening comprehension. There are three principal laws of association to follow: close association, contrary association and similar association. For different listening materials, different ways of association can be used, such as culture and background association, semantic coherence association, orientation association, context's contrary association, image association, sequence and scene association.
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어촌지역을 중심으로 형성된 공동체에는 어촌계와 수산업협동조합이 대표적인데, 간혹 지역어민회가 법률관계에서 등장하는 경우가 있다. 지역어민회는 자연발생적 조직도 아니고 법률에 근거하여 설립된 조직도 아니지만, 어촌지역의 어업권소멸에 따른 보상금을 분배하는 과정에서 중요한 역할을 담당하기도 한다. 그렇지만 지역어민회의 법적 성질이 무엇인지, 그리고 지역어민회는 회원이 어떤 과정을 통해 가입되고 탈퇴하게 되는 것인지 등 명확하게 설명되지 않는 부분들이 많다. 본 논문은 어업권소멸에 따른 보상금분배와 관련하여 포항지역어민회에서 실제 다투어진 사례를 중심으로 지역어민회의 법적 성질과 회원의 가입 및 탈퇴와 관련한 문제들을 고찰한다. 이를 위해 수산업협동조합과 어촌계와의 관계, 단체에의 가입행위의 의미, 단체에의 강제가입의 문제, 어업권의 귀속주체와 행사주체 등 관련 문제들에 대해서도 살펴본다. 필자는 본 논문에서 단지 지역어민회의 법적 성질과 가입 및 탈퇴의 문제를 분석하는 것에 그치는 것이 아니라, 본 논문을 통해 가입강제나 총회결의 문제가 회칙에서 회원의 자격을 명시하고는 있지만 실제 회원가입여부가 다투어질 수 있는 단체에 관해 일반적으로 적용될 수 있는 문제임을 강조한다.
Association (psychology)
Voluntary association
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Abstract Global rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivation is expected to increase, especially in upland no‐tillage systems (NTS). The difficulty in producing and maintaining straw in NTS in the Brazilian Cerrado and comparative regions worldwide can be overcome by using cover crops in irrigated areas. The potential of straw accumulation, soil cover maintenance, and nutrient cycling is considered while choosing cover crop species, because these characteristics may interfere with subsequent crop cultivation. This study was conducted to determine whether cover crops could benefit the development, productivity, and industrial quality of upland rice grains irrigated by sprinklers and cultivated in succession. The experiment was conducted in the Cerrado, with a summer rainy season and a dry winter. The treatments consisted of six cover crops (millet [ Pennisetum glaucum ], sunn hemp [ Crotalaria juncea ], pigeonpea [ Cajanus cajan ], millet + sunn hemp, millet + pigeonpea, and fallow) sowed in winter or spring. Compared to fallow, the cover crops cultivated in winter or spring led to increased straw production, accumulation of approximately 150% more nitrogen in straw, and possibly improved rice nutritional value because of the higher N content. Rice plants cultivated after sunn hemp developed a greater dry mass than rice cultivated after the fallow treatment. Grain yield was not influenced by the cover crops. However, sunn hemp cultivation increased the milling yield, head rice yield, and the milled rice productivity (MRP), compared to cultivation following the fallow treatment. Cultivation of sunn hemp before the upland rice crop improved MRP compared to that following the fallow treatment.
Upland rice
Crotalaria juncea
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The four main traits(plant characters, grain type, yield components and drought resistance) of 16 upland rice germplasm resources were systematically checked, analysed with subordinative fuzzy function and evaluated by comprehensive fuzzy method.The upland rice germplasm resources are arranged in order of quality as follows:Dehan 1 Brazilian upland rice Upland rice 277 Upland rice 95 shuchun 502 Wusi upland rice Upland rice 297 Upland rice 2 Upland rice 9 Upland rice 95 shuchun 104 Upland rice 8 Upland rice 95 shuchun 9 Upland rice 44 IRAT 104 Upland rice 604 87641 Upland rice 4. The five germplasm resources-Dehan 1, Brazilian upland rice, Upland rice 277, Upland rice 95 shuchun 502 and Wusi upland rice are elite.
Upland rice
Germ plasm
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