Determination of Radon and Thoron Activity in the Soil By using Solid StateNuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs), Passive Technique
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Radon and thoron activity concentration levels have been determined in the soil of Basra Governorate, Iraq. The area of the study included three districts, they are Hayy-Alabas, Hayy-Aljameeat and Almuaficia.. In this investigation CR-39 and LR-115 type2 solid state nuclear track detectors and a cylindrical plastic container technique are used. The samples are taken from the surface and the depth 1m for each location. Maximum activity of radon levels observed is (16200 Bq.m-3) in Hayy-Alabas station number 10 for soil from the surface and minimum levels is (1560 Bq.m-3) were observed in Almuaficia station number 54 for soil from the surface. The activity of radon were measured in Hayy-Aljameeat and Almuaficia which are with in normal limits according to International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The high values of radon activity are measured in many locations in Hayy-Alabas and Hayy-Aljameeat. There are many anomalous values of radon activity in the soil in some stations of Hayy-Alabas has been observed in this study. The reasons of this anomalous has been discussed. The activity concentration of thoron is smaller than the activity concentration for radon (( 220 / 222 c c A A ) <1) over all study area. The reason of this result has been discussed. The average value of the activity of thoron concentration 220 c A in the soil samples from the surface equal 2073.33 Bq.m-3, 1893.75 Bq.m-3 and 1822.22 Bq.m-3 for Hayy-Alabas, Hayy-Aljameeat and Almuaficia respectively and the average value for the soil samples from the depth 1m equal 1666.66 Bq.m-3 , 906.25 Bq.m-3 and 1103.333 Bq.m-3 for Hayy-Alabas, Hayy-Aljameeat and Almuaficia respectively.Keywords:
Nuclear track
CR-39
Soil test
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In the present work, we have measured the radon gas concentrations in soil samples from depth (5 cm) of selected regions in Anbar governorate by using alpha particles-emitters registrations which are emitted form radon gas in (CR-39) nuclear track detector. The results show that, the average radon gas concentration ranged from 44.2±5.0 Bq/m3 in Hit (Zuea District) region to 228.2±11.2 Bq/m3 in AL-Ratba region, with an average value of 106.62±46.5 Bq/m3, while the radon exhalation rate in terms of area ranged from 120.53 µBq/m2h - 622.30 µBq/m2h ,with an average value of 290.74±126 µBq/m2h. Finally, the radon exhalation rate in terms of mass ranged from 4.24 µBq/kg h - 21.90 µBq/kg h, with an average value of 10.22±4.4 µBq/kg h. The present results show that the radon gas concentration in soil samples from depth 5 cm is below the allowed limit from (ICRP, 1993) agency, apart from regions [AL-Ramadi (AL-Warar District), AL-Ratba and Al-Qaim (AL-Abedi District)] which were higher than the allowed limit given by (ICRP, 1993). Keywords : Radon concentration, Soil , Radon exhalation rate, CR-39 nuclear track detector.
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Indoor radon (Rn), thoron (Tn) and thoron progeny (TnP) were simultaneously measured in the gold mining areas of Betare-Oya using RADUET detectors and TnP monitors. Rn and Tn concentrations range between 88-282 and 4-383 Bq m-3, respectively, with the arithmetic means of 133 ± 39 and 93 ± 76 Bq m-3. The 76% of houses for Rn and 25% for Tn exceed the WHO reference level of 100 Bq m-3 and 3% of the houses exceed the ICRP threshold of 300 Bq m-3. The equilibrium equivalent thoron concentration ranges between 1 and 19 Bq m-3 with a mean value of 6 ± 4 Bq m-3. The thoron equilibrium factor ranges between 0.01 and 0.55 with arithmetic mean of 0.11, higher than the world average value of 0.02 given by UNSCEAR. The total inhalation dose due to Rn, Tn and their progeny ranges between 1.8 and 6.2 mSv y-1 with the arithmetic mean of 3.8 ± 1.1 mSv y-1.
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In the present study, Radon (222Rn) and Thoron (220Rn) concentration have been measured in the Bangalore University Campus using RAD7 during the postmonsoon season. The results reveal that 222Rn concentration ranged from 360 ± 146 to 643 ± 196 Bq/m3 with the geometric mean (GM) of 497 ± 173 Bq/m3 whereas 220Rn Concentration varied from 2668 ± 208 to 6128 ± 246 Bq/m3 with the GM of 4287 ± 262 Bq/m3. The radon and thoron exhalation rates were also calculated and found to lie between 15.62 ± 6.34 and 27.91 ± 8.51 mBq/m2/s with the GM of 21.58 ± 7.50 mBq/m2/s and 1316 ± 102 and 3024 ± 121 mBq/m2/s with the GM of 2115 ± 129 mBq/m2/s, respectively. An attempt was made to see the dependence of radon/thoron exhalation rate on few soil and atmospheric parameters. The concentration of radon and thoron was observed to be normally distributed and hence arithmetic mean, GM and median were found to be nearly same.
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Appeared different cases of cancer in certain districts in Al-Najaf governorate and it had assumed several hypotheses. Including the existence of radon in the air inside homes, where the radon gas is the largest and the most important variables contributing to the exposure to natural radiation in the world. Radon cup technique was used, which is a cylindrical chamber 5 cm in diameter and height of 7 cm inside the detector impact in solid state nuclear track detector CR-39 and these detectors was etched with 6.25 N from sodium hydroxide at a temperature of 70 o C in a time of 12 hours. Values of radon concentrations ranged between 74.2804 ± 42.6048 Bq/m 3 to 478.1301 ± 53.325 Bq/m 3 , also found that the rate of radon concentration in Al-Najaf governorate, up to 183.682 Bq/m 3 with standard deviation of up to 104.231 Bq/m 3 . High cancer rates in some neighborhoods in Al-Najaf governorate can be attributed to high concentrations of radon gas in these areas.
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Radon concentrations in fruits samples collected randomly from local markets in An Najaf, Iraq has been measured using two passive technique (LR-115 type II nuclear track detectors). The radon concentrations measured by both tracks are found to vary from (18.51±8.28 Bq/m3) to (62.96±15.27 Bq/m3 ) with a mean value of (37.44±5.09 Bq/m3 ) and from (37.03±11.71 Bq/m3) to (100±19.24 Bq/m3) with a mean value of (55.55±6.83 Bq/m3) respectively. All values of radon concentrations for samples under study were found to be quite lower than the permissible value of (400 Bq/m3) recommended by (ICRP). From radiation protection purpose of read, it had been found that the fruits samples under study don’t cause any vital risk for the presence of 222Rn concentration ,and it’s thought of radiologically safe for human consumption.
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Journal Article Soil radioactivity measurements and estimation of radon/thoron exhalation rate in soil samples from Kalpakkam residential complex Get access S. Bala Sundar, S. Bala Sundar * Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India *Corresponding author: sbs@igcar.gov.in Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar N. Chitra, N. Chitra Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar I. Vijayalakshmi, I. Vijayalakshmi Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. Danalakshmi, B. Danalakshmi Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar S. Chandrasekaran, S. Chandrasekaran Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. T. Jose, M. T. Jose Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. Venkatraman B. Venkatraman Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Volume 164, Issue 4, June 2015, Pages 569–574, https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncv313 Published: 13 May 2015
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Solid-state nuclear track detectors (CR-39) are widely used for radon exhalation rate measurements in cement under different conditions. The detectors were exposed to standard radon concentration from a standard 226 Ra source. A calibration factor of 0.0107 track cm -2 per Bq d m -3 was determined. The 222 Rn and 226 Ra concentrations varied from 18 Bq m -3 to 178 Bq m -3 and 0.09 Bq kg -1 to 1.30 Bq kg -1 , respectively. The highest radon exhalation rate was found in Sulaymanyah, Iraq.
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In this paper, we report our findings on the measurement of indoor radon activity and soil radium content in Aizawl city of Mizoram, India. The measurements were carried out using Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors viz. LR-115 Type2 films. The indoor radon activity concentration has been found to vary from 20 to 75.4 Bq.m -3 , with an arithmetic mean value of 42.33 ±15.42 Bq.m -3 and geometric mean value of 39.59 ±1.45 Bq.m -3 . The radium content value was found to range between 9.1 to 33.1 Bq.kg -1 with an arithmetic mean of 20.35 ± 5.5 Bq.kg -1 and a geometric mean of 19.59 ±1.33 Bq.kg -1 .
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Soil samples were collected at Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq and assessed for radon concentrations using CN-85 detector and uranium concentrations using CN-85 and CR-39 detectors. Also, Some radiation parameters due to radon concentrations were calculated. Radon concentrations were varied from (506.84) Bq/m 3 to (1194.69) Bq/m 3 with an average of (894.21±77.80) Bq/m 3 , while the radium content were varied from (77.19) Bq/kg to (181.95) Bq/kg with an average (136.18±11.84) Bq/kg. The average values of the rate of radon exhalation in term of mass, in term of area and the soil radon concentration contributing to indoor radon activity were (1.01±0.08) Bq/kg.h, (4.56±0.39) Bq/m 2 .h and (18.24±1.58) Bq/m 3 respectively. Also it is found that the average value of effective dose equivalent, annual effective dose and absorbed dose in soft tissues and in lungs were (0.084±0.007) WLM/y, (0.574±0.050)mSv/y, (0.090±0.007) nGy/h and (0.729±0.063) nGy/h respectively. Among other things, uranium concentration using CN-85 and CR-39 detectors were varied from (0.85) ppm to (2.0) with an average (1.5±0.13) ppm and from (1.16) ppm to (2.17) with an average (1.5±0.13) ppm respectively. The correlation between the contributing of radon to indoor with radium content and uranium concentrations with two detectors (CN-85 and CR-39) in clear. Finally, the values of radon concentrations, radium content, radon exhalation rate in term of area, annual effective dose and uranium concentrations in soil samples in the present study were below limits the world average, so can be consider according results the area under study does not pose risk to human health.
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Measurements of the radium content in soil samples and adjacent indoor radon activity measurement from sites located in Kohima town of Nagaland is reported. Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (LR-115 Type2 films) was used and the radium content are found to vary from 14.56 to 27.29 Bq.kg -1 with an arithmetic mean value of 18.98 ± 2.89 Bq.kg -1 and a geometric mean value of 18.78 ± 1.15 Bq.kg -1 inthe studied soil samples. The indoor radon activity concentrations measured are found to range between 25.9 to 75.5 Bq.m -3 with an arithmetic mean value of 49.2 ± 14.7 Bq.m -3 and a geometric mean value of 47.13 ± 1.35 Bq.m -3 . A weak positive linear correlation is observed between radium content of the soil samples and indoor radon activity concentration at the study sites.
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