Defining the importance of landscape metrics for large branchiopod biodiversity and conservation: the case of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands
Jordi SalaStéphanie GascónDavid Cunillera‐MontcusíMiguel AlonsoFrancisco AmatLuı́s Cancela da FonsecaMargarida CristoMargarita FlorencioJuan García‐de‐LomasMargarida MachadoMaría Rosa MiracleAlexandre MiróJosé Luis Pérez‐BoteJoan Lluís PretusFlorent PrunierJavier RipollJuan RuedaMaría SahuquilloLaura SerranoMarc VenturaDavid Verdiell‐CubedoDani Boix
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Provisional catalogue of the bruchid beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) of the Balearic Islands Abstract: A catalog of the beetles of the family Bruchidae of the Balearic Islands (Spain) has been compiled, on the basis of histori- cal references, those found in our first review of the Ibero-Balearic fauna (Yus Ramos, 1977) and a new review of various private and institutional collections that include specimens taken on these islands. As a result of the study, a total of 37 species have been found, of which four are first records (including a new genus) from the Balearic Islands and the remaining ones are confirmations of other previous records. Thus, once all previous records have been included and the nomenclature has been updated, we conclude provisionally that the bruchid fauna of the Balearic Islands consists of 50 species, of which three are Spermophagus, one Acan- thoscelides; one Mimosestes; one Pseudopachymerina; 30 Bruchidius and 14 Bruchus. This represents roughly 62.5% of the entire Iberian-Balearic fauna as it is currenly known. Our study has revealed nothing remarkable as far as biogeographical patterns are concerned.
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Abstract Dispersal evolves under the action of opposing forces. Some factors, like the cost of dispersal, select against dispersal. Several other factors, however, select for dispersal. In this chapter we focus on three main factors: (1) the temporal variability of the environment will often select for dispersal; (2) dispersal may also be adaptive if it reduces competition between relatives; and (3) dispersal may represent a way to escape the cost of inbreeding.
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Metapopulations consist of a number of sub-populations connected
through the dispersal of migrants. In many theoretical approaches
often rather simple dispersal patterns are investigated, while
typically complex dispersal patterns are observed in nature. This
especially is the case for larvae dispersal in marine environments
driven by ocean currents.
In a recent work Vuilleumier and Possingham investigate the role of
symmetry in dispersal patterns and draw the conclusion, that
asymmetric dispersal has a distinct negative impact on population
viability. Our results based on artificial dispersal patterns,
however, suggest that symmetry actually only could have a vanishing
impact. The simulation results are in good agreement with tests on
realistic dispersal patterns of mussel larvae in the Baltic Sea.
We demonstrate the importance of artificially generated dispersal
patterns for the disentanglement of the complexity intrinsic to
natural systems. Although many aspects of larvae dispersal might not
yet have been understood we can draw the conclusion, that asymmetry
might not be as severe as expected by Vuilleumier and Possingham. That
is of course good news for many systems of biological relevance.
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According to the official Institute of Tourist Studies the Balearic Islands, a Spanish region with just over one million inhabitants, received 9.6 million international arrivals in 2005 out of 55.8 million for the entire country. Although a rather impressive figure, it is 4.8% below the 10.1 million recorded in 1999 which might explain partially that the Balearic Islands has recorded the worst growth performance of all 17 autonomous Spanish regions since 2000. A look at the 1997 regional input-output table, confirms the Balearic economy is highly specialized in the production of tourism services. The main purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of the weight of tourism in the Balearic Islands using input-output techniques and several alternative assumptions on endogeneity of final demand components. The paper also estimates under the same assumptions the effects on the economy of a 10% fall in tourist flows. Finally, the results are compared with those obtained with a SAM model.
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Abstract Sex-biased dispersal is common in group-living animals. Due to differences in local demographic and environmental factors, sex-biased dispersal presents many irregular patterns. In this study, a habituated, individually identified Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti group was observed over 9 years; 192 dispersal events, including 97 male dispersal events (25 natal dispersal and 72 secondary dispersal) and 95 female dispersal events (34 natal dispersal and 61 secondary dispersal) were observed. Males and females showed different dispersal paths, dispersal ages, and dispersal patterns. Females had 2 dispersal paths, whereas males had 4 paths. In terms of age of dispersal, the male age of natal dispersal was younger than for females. Males prefer single dispersal, whereas females prefer parallel dispersal. Our study indicates that the dispersal pattern of R. bieti should be classified as a bisexual dispersal pattern. The differences in dispersal path, average age at dispersal, and dispersal path pattern indicate that Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys may still retain a loose matrilineal social system.
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It has been argued that nonstandard mechanisms of dispersal are often responsible for long-distance dispersal in plants. For example, plant seeds that appear to be adapted for wind dispersal may occasionally be dispersed long distances by birds, or vice versa. In this paper, we explore whether existing data on dispersal distances, colonization rates, and migration rates support the idea that dispersal processes suggested by the morphology of the dispersal unit are responsible for long distance dispersal. We conclude that the relationship between morphologically defined dispersal syndrome and long-distance dispersal is poor. This relationship is poor because the relationship between the morphology of dispersal units and the multiple processes that move seeds are often complex. We argue that understanding gleaned from the often anecdotal literature on nonstandard and standard means of long distance dispersal is the foundation for both statistical and mechanistic models of long-distance dispersal. Such models hold exciting promise for the development of a quantitative ecology of long-distance dispersal.
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The first updated checklist of Balearic leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) since 1960 is presented here, evincing the presence of 118 species. This estimation is clearly lower than the 141 species reported in the only list available to date (Jolivet, 1953), and the dissimilarity is even more pronounced if we take into account that 22 new species have been added during this period. The possible explanations for these differences are discussed. The main island in the archipelago holds most of the species (Mallorca, 113 spp.), followed by Menorca (71 spp.), Eivissa (39 spp.) and Formentera (19 spp.). Thus, the Gymnesian islands (Mallorca and Menorca) are more species-rich than the Pityusic ones (Eivissa and Formentera). The number of species per island is significantly correlated with their respective areas not only for the Balearic but also for the much larger western Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Sardinia, and these abundances are not related with their nearness to the closest mainland. Among the different subfamilies and tribes, the Balearic flea-beetles (Alticinae) are clearly more prevalent whereas on the contrary, the Clytrini are less represented in comparison with the nearest mainland (Iberian Peninsula). The presented checklist includes four endemic species, Cryptocephalus majoricensis (Mallorca, Menorca and Formentera), C. tramuntanae (Mallorca), Cyrtonus majoricensis (Mallorca) and Timarcha balearica (Mallorca and Menorca). Furthermore, two adventitious species, Monoxia obesula and Epitrix hirtipennis of North American origin, have been reported for the first time in the Balearic Islands, in agreement with previous findings in other Mediterranean countries.
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