Single mode-multimode-single mode optical fiber sensors: Review and application to temperature measurements using a bend-insensitive fiber
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The paper reviews some aspects of optical fiber sensors based on a single mode-multimode-single mode structure first; then it presents the realization of a temperature sensor in which the multimode session is replaced with a bend-insensitive fiber working close to the two-propagating mode condition. Finally, it discusses some preliminary results obtained from the experimental characterization of the proposed sensor.Keywords:
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Multimode interference in optical waveguides has interesting self-imaging properties, which have extensively been investigated and utilized in many integrated optical devices. Although these investigations started with most interest in step-index integrated waveguides, they have later included graded-index waveguides, where the dependence of the interference images on the refractive index grading of the waveguides was observed and utilized in the design and optimization of devices. Later on, multimode interference has also been explored in optical fibers in order to realize fiber devices, including sensors. A basic structure of these devices has been the Single mode - Multimode - Single mode (SMS) fiber section concatenation, where multimode interference in the multimode section leads to the formation of a self-image of the single mode fiber excitation onto the output single mode fiber core. This paper reports on the investigation of the self-imaging properties of these optical fiber structures and their possible use as sensors. Self-imaging in symmetrically excited multimode optical fibers is analytically studied, revealing the effect of refractive index grading on the characteristics of SMS fiber devices. The theoretical results are verified by numerical simulations using the beam propagation method. The experimental investigation of an SMS structure proposed as a bending sensor is then described and a discussion of the results obtained and possible application of the device is presented.
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We demonstrate an all-fiber method to determine the wavelengths at which a fabricated SMm device provides a single mode output. This method is quick and does not require measurement of the modal weights.
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The article describes the operation's rule of the fiber optic sensor in the modalmetric configuration. This type of sensor is described by comparatively simple construction, while retaining other features of fiber-optic sensors such as high sensitivity. A modalmetric fiber optic sensor [1], whose scheme is shown in Fig. 1, comprises a multimode sensor fiber, a light source for launching light into the multimode fiber to produce a multimode speckle pattern of light at an end of the fiber, a single mode fiber to receive light from the multimode speckle pattern and a detector connected to the single mode fiber to detect the received a partial light from the multimode speckle pattern. Any disturbance to the fiber which can cause a change in any one of the phase, polarization and distribution of the modes, will cause the speckle pattern to change. By measuring this change, a physical perturbation to the fiber such as a vibration or strain can be detected. This gives a very high potential application. In the paper presents, for example, possible application of the modalmetric sensor to protection of works of art and museum collections. The advantage of its use is the ability to tie the fiber in structure of material. Moreover, the advantage of such type a sensor compared to existing solutions of security sensors is the reaction for vibration and touch. The paper presents the concept and results of the system optimization.
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We report a single mode-bare core multimode-single mode (SBMS) optical fiber sensor, for environmental parameters in-situ monitoring. Compared with the reflection structure and the transmission structure of the SBMS optical fiber sensors, we found that the repeatability and stability results of the reflection structure were much better than that of the transmission structure's. The principle of this experimental design is based on the optical fiber which can be transmitted by the outside temperature modulation. Because the parameters of the light transmitted in the single mode-multimode single mode (SMS) fiber structure are subject to the change of the external physical factors, this type of fiber optic temperature sensor is made by multiple modes of transmission in a multimode fiber. As the light source transmits a distance in the multimode fiber, it will change greatly, making the input light and the final output light produce a great difference. While the length of the bare core multimode fiber was around 8.1cm, the temperature cross-sensitivity of the device had good linearity and was around 0.009075nm/°C , from 50 °C to 350 °C. Furthermore, the increased temperature curve was almost coincided with the decreased temperature curve.
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In this paper, we present a new type of optical fiber, called universal fiber, which can be used for both multimode and single mode transmissions. The fiber is a multimode fiber that has an LP01 mode field diameter approximately matched to that of standard single mode fiber. First, we will present the universal fiber design concept and discuss design tradeoffs for both single mode and multimode operations. Then we will show characterizations of a preliminary experimental fiber and present system testing results with 110 m, 150 m and 2700 m system reach using 100G SR4, 40G sWDM multimode and 100G CWDM4 single mode transceivers, respectively, which demonstrate both multimode and single mode transmission capabilities of universal fiber.
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The multimode interference (MMI) theory and corresponding re-imaging phenomena occurring in a single - mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) fiber structure is investigated. And the commercially available beam propagation method (BPM) have been adapted and analyzed to model the light propagation in this structure. A detailed simulation study of this structure in terms of the length of the multimode fiber core, the radius of the multimode fiber core, the wavelength of the input light, and the refractive index of the substance surrounding the MMF core has been carried out. Therefore, the fiber structure can be developed as an advanced sensor and widely employed in a wide variety of monitoring fields.
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A cost effective and simple fabrication process for Mach Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) fiber based sensor has been proposed based on single mode-multimode-single mode structure and multimode-single mode-multimode. These proposed structures employed a standard fusion arc splicing by varying the length of sensing region instead of the structures. This sensor has been experimentally demonstrated for three different concentration of solutions such as water, 1mol sucrose solution and oil with the refractive index of 1.333, 1.384 and 1.464 respectively. Furthermore, the intention of this experiment is to determine which structure that provides superior performance in terms of the sensitivity of the device. The operating wavelength of different structures corresponds to the different refractive index. It is observed that the shifting response was influenced by the length of the sensing-area and the best sensitivity achieved for is -10.45nm/RIU.
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Concatenated single-mode–multimode–single-mode (SMS) structures are demonstrated as functional sensing platforms. The devices are fabricated by periodically inserting micrometric sections of multimode optical fiber (MMF) in a single-mode fiber (SMF). The periodic change of the core diameter produces a single strong resonant transmission notch, tunable in the wavelength range from 1200 to 1600 nm. It was found that the position of the notch changed with temperature and refractive index. The devices introduced here are highly compact (length less than 5 mm), simple to fabricate and robust; hence, they are adequate for diverse sensing applications.
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