The effects of output codes on transfer learning in a deep convolutional neural net
0
Citation
27
Reference
10
Related Paper
Abstract:
The output encodings of neural nets determine the structure of the space in which inference occurs. Yet, they are generally given very little thought. It is common practice for neural nets to use 1-Hot encoding when training to discriminate among many classes. The primary exceptions to this are error correcting output codes, and semantic output encodings. Output encodings based upon semantic descriptors cause a net to learn responses for classes to which it has not been exposed, provided those classes may be characterized by the same semantic descriptors. This raises a number of questions, such as "Can a net implicitly learn encodings for unobserved classes in the absence of a semantic encoding, or any encoding that requires some form of prior knowledge and hand crafting?". Also, are some output encodings better than others for learning these implicit encodings? In this paper, we will compare how effectively different non-semantic encodings are at causing a neural net to implicitly learn encodings for unobserved classes. Also, while evaluating the efficacy of these implicit encodings, we will look for evidence of a phenomenon akin to over-training. Specifically, as training on the observed classes occurs, we initially see improvement in how well the implicitly learned encodings can be used to differentiate among the classes which are unobserved during the net's training. However, as training continues to improve discrimination among the observed classes, the efficacy of the implicit codes either remains steady, or undergoes a degradation. This degradation is akin to the overtraining that one generally tries to guard against when training a neural net.Keywords:
Net (polyhedron)
Overtraining
It may be essential for the athlete to train in cycles in order to induce optimal improvements and prevent overtraining. Without sufficient recovery time, adaptation may not occur and the athlete may develop the symptoms of overtraining due to continuous and/or excessive exposure to training stress. Training in cycles provides guidelines for the times in the training programme when regeneration should be complete, and therefore the times when the athlete can be screened for overtraining without confusing the fatigue of overload training with that of overtraining. A periodised training structure provides guidelines for conducting research into the mechanisms of training adaptation and overtraining.
Overtraining
Cite
Citations (78)
The excessive exercises allied with inadequate recovery periods can result in the overtraining which is characterized by a series of disturbs in metabolic and physiological parameters associated to a reduction on performance. The overtraining can be controlled by innumerous biomarkers that enable the real state of athlete. However, to characterize the overtraining is important that these biomarkers as hormonal, biochemistry, metabolic, VO2 max and heart variability be associated with declining in performance. Clinical test is important to diagnostic, to prevent and to treat the overtraining. Although there are many studies on overtraining, there are still contradictions in the literature about the best indicator. Thus, the aim of this review is to expound the main physiological responses caused by overtraining to researchers, trainers and athletes deepen their knowledge on the way to detect overtraining caused by inadequate program of training.
Overtraining
Cite
Citations (5)
Overtraining is defined as an accumulation of training or non-training stress resulting in a long-term decrement in performance capacity. With or without related physiological and psychological signs or symptoms, overtraining may take from several weeks to several months Starting from ideea that the central nervous system can be overworked, exactly like the muscular system (this is actually the most common cause when athletes feel tired, weak phisicly either mentally, or maybe unmotivated in the gym) this article is highlighting some methods to fight against overtraining.
Overtraining
Cite
Citations (2)
The excessive exercises allied with inadequate recovery periods can result in the overtraining which is characterized by a series of disturbs in metabolic and physiological parameters associated to a reduction on performance. The overtraining can be controlled by innumerous biomarkers that enable the real state of athlete. However, to characterize the overtraining is important that these biomarkers as hormonal, biochemistry, metabolic, VO2 max and heart variability be associated with declining in performance. Clinical test is important to diagnostic, to prevent and to treat the overtraining. Although there are many studies on overtraining, there are still contradictions in the literature about the best indicator. Thus, the aim of this review is to expound the main physiological responses caused by overtraining to researchers, trainers and athletes deepen their knowledge on the way to detect overtraining caused by inadequate program of training.
Overtraining
Cite
Citations (0)
The occurrence of the overtraining syndrome emerges as one of the most important issues in sport. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of overtraining in sport university students and to examine the connection between the occurrence of this phenomenon and the behavior of coaches and parents. The study includes 107 students who have been competing in sport disciplines for more than two years. The results indicate that 19.6% of them have experienced overtraining syndrome and that the syndrome is more likely to occur in men and athletes who train individual sports. Overtraining occurs in one third of the athletes by the age of seventeen. Overtrained athletes perceive coaches and parents as individuals who push too hard. Suggestions for changing the behavior of coaches and parents of young athletes with the aim of preventing the occurrence of overtraining have been discussed.
Overtraining
Competitive athletes
Cite
Citations (2)
운동에 종사하는 엘리트 운동선수나 동호인들은 지속적인 같은 동작의 반복, 잦은 경쟁스트레스의 경험, 그리고 신체적인 컨디션이 좋지 않은 상황에서의 과도한 훈련의 요구 때문에 근육, 건, 인대, 염좌 및 골절과 같은 부상을 비롯한 근골격계 질환을 야기한다. 그리고 과도한 오버리칭, 경쟁불안으로 인한 스트레스, 및 피로회복의 부족 등으로 운동기술의 정체를 비롯한 운동수행력의 감소는 물론 심리적인 스트레스와 면역반응의 감소를 경험하게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 과훈련증후군의 원인과 증상 및 치료와 처치에 대해 분석하고 이러한 증후군과 면역반응과 연관성을 비교 및 분석하여 운동 동호인을 비롯한 운동 선수들에게 나타날 수 있는 면역력의 감소를 줄여, 운동수행력의 증진은 물론 건강유지와 면역력 회복을 도모하고자 한다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 본론에서는 과훈련 증후군에 대한 전반적인 내용을 실험연구를 비롯한 관련 연구논문을 중심으로 분석하였고, 아울러 과훈련 증후군과 면역반응 및 알레르기 면역반응과의 연관성에 대해 면밀한 분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 많은 스포츠 현장에서 과훈련증후군에 관한 실험적인 연구와 면역반응 및 알레르기반응과의 연관성 분석을 토대로 한 실험적 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 여겨지며, 본 연구가 많은 운동선수들과 동호인들의 건강관리는 물론, 면역력의 증가를 도모하는 데에 도움을 줄 것으로 여겨진다. The present study was performed to analyze and review the physical and immune responses to overtraining syndrome in humans. Overreaching refers to the initial phage of overtraining syndrome and has been known as a physical fatigue which is mainly from metabolic imbalance. It has been known that overtraining also results in a loss of adaptability which may lead to an attenuation of exercise performance, sleeping disorder, central fatigue, neurohormonal changes, difficulty recovery to physical stress, and immunological changes. Additionally, overtraining syndrome is characterized by persistent fatigue, poor performance in sport due to the prolonged and strenuous physical training. Also, previous studies reported that endurance athletes experienced a high incidence of URTI during intense training and the post training. And also, high-performance athletes reported that suppression of cell mediated and anti-body mediated immune function. NK cell numbers were also reduced in the period of overtraining syndrome. Major components of prevention and treatment for the overtraining syndrome are screening, education, and detraining. Furthermore, the combination of these prevention and treatment strategies will be much helpful. Therefore, the current review will be helpful for athletes and individuals who are at the risk of overtraining syndrome.
Overtraining
Physical exercise
Cite
Citations (3)
Elite sport requires high training volumes. However, little is known about the relationship between training volume and performance development. This relationship appears to have an inverted U-shape. Short-term overtraining or overreaching is probably associated with insufficient metabolic recovery, resulting in a decline in ATP levels. Systemic overtraining or staleness is attributed to failure of the hypothalamus to cope with the total amount of stress. Clinically, a parasympathetic and sympathetic form has been distinguished. It is assumed that these two forms express different stages of staleness. No specific, simple, and reliable parameters are known to diagnose overreaching and overtraining in the earliest stage.
Overtraining
Cite
Citations (154)
The current paper is a kind of review study. It reviewed the immunological side in overtraining exercise. The method used in reviewing the content was a descriptive qualitative method. The review itself was based on theoretical views. As the results, it is stated that the beneficial effects of regular exercise on the prevention and therapy of lifestyle, related disease, has been established for a long time. However, it is often misinterpreted, so that people conduct the over-exercise activity. The overtraining, that is a phenomenon of conducting the exercise in excessive duration, frequencies, and intensity impacts the damage of myocardial. Furthermore, the complexity and pleiotropic effects of exercise remain an area of intense research. Therefore, in order to complete the frameworks of overtraining theory, future research, that is to confirm and to investigate pathomechanism of organs damage, is needed to be conducted.
Overtraining
Physical exercise
Cite
Citations (7)