Prevalence of enteric infections among hospitalized patients in two referral hospitals in Ghana
Richard AkuffoGeorge ArmahM.R. ClemensKarl KronmannAlexander H. JonesPrince AgbenoheviKen SagoeNaiki PuplampuNdahwouh Talla NzussouoWilliam AmpofoKwadwo KoramChristopher DuplessisErica Dueger
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Abstract:
Diarrhea is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Africa and Ghana in particular, it is estimated to contribute directly to 19 and 25% of pediatric mortality among children under 5 years, respectively. Surveillance for hospitalized acute diarrheal illness was initiated in November 2010 through October 2012 in a referral hospital in southern Ghana, and a teaching hospital in northern Ghana. Consenting hospitalized patients who met a standardized case definition for acute diarrheal illness provided demographic and epidemiologic data. Stool samples were collected and tested by culture for bacteria and by enzyme immunoassays for a panel of viruses and parasites. A total of 429 patients were enrolled; 216 (50.3%) were under 5 years, and 221 (51.5%) were females. Stool samples were received from 153 patients. Culture isolates included Shigella sp., Salmonella spp., Plesiomonas sp. and Vibrio cholerae. Of 147 samples tested for viruses, 41 (27.9%) were positive for rotaviruses, 11 (7.5%) for astroviruses, 10 (6.8%) for noroviruses, and 8 (5.4%) for adenoviruses. Of 116 samples tested for parasitic infections; 4 (3.4%) were positive for Cryptosporidium sp. and 3 (2.6%) for Giardia lamblia. Of the enrolled patients, 78.8% had taken antibiotics prior to sample collection. Diarrheal pathogens were identified across all ages, however, predominantly (81%) in the children under 5 years of age. This study also detected high antibiotic use which has the potential of increasing antibiotic resistance. The most common enteric pathogen detected (49.4%) was rotavirus.Keywords:
Giardia lamblia
Astrovirus
Cholera
Objective To understand the incidence of viral diarrhea in Shenzhen in 2010 and provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of the disease.Methods A total of 925 stool samples were collected from diarrhea patients to detect rotavirus,norovirus,astrovirus and enteric adenovirus by using real-time polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR).Results The detection rate of rotavirus was highest(25.30%),followed by norovirus(20.11%),enteric adenovirus(2.27%),and astrovirus(1.51%).The detection rates of rotavirus and norovirus were high in every month in 2010.The rotavirus infection had obvious seasonality,which peaked in autumn and winter,while the norovirus infection had no obvious seasonality.The infection rates in age group of 0-2 years were significantly higher than those in age groups of 3 years.Conclusion The incidence of viral diarrhea was high in Shenzhen in 2010.Rotavirus and norovirus were the major pathogens.The detection rates of astrovirus and enteric adenovirus were low.It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of viral diarrhea,especially among infants and young children.
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OBJECTIVE To understand the main reasons for cases in one hospital with the gastroenteritis symptoms so as to provide scientific references for prevention and control of enteric infectious diseases. METHODS The stools of ten patients were collected and detected by real-time PCR and sequencing for the viral detection, including rotavirus, norovirus, Sapporo virus, astrovirus, adenovirus. RESULTS Norovirus was detected in 7 out of 10 stools, with same subtype of GII.4. The results confirmed the etiology wasviral infection. CONCLUSION There is the threat of norovirus in Nanjing. Norovirus, subtype GII.4, is the pathogen, resulting in the gastroenteritis in the hospital. It is the same subtype of norovirus as in other countries; anti-virus advocacy should be strengthened on health education and especially for prevention of infection.
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3ì, ë¶ì° Dëí ìžê·Œ ììì ìì ëȘšìì í í, ì€ìŹ, ê”Źí ë„Œ ížìíë íìë€ìŽ ë°ìíìë€. ìíìĄ°ìŹíì ì€ìŹ íì ë° íŽëč ììì ìĄ°ëŠŹìą
ìŹìì ëí ë¶ëł êČìČŽë„Œ ìì§íìêł íŽëč ììì ìŁŒë°©ìì ìíì©ìì ëí ì±ìë ì§ííìë€. ìžìČŽ êČìČŽ 42걎ìì ë
žëĄë°ìŽëŹì€ 16걎, ìì€ížëĄë°ìŽëŹì€ 8ê±ŽìŽ êČì¶ëììŒë©°, ë
žëĄë°ìŽëŹì€ì êČœì°ë GI, GII genogoup ëȘšë êČì¶ëììŒë©°, GI.3, GI.4, GII.4, GII.13, GII.17, GII.21ëĄ 6ê°ì§ ë€ìí ì ì ìíì ë¶íŹë„Œ íìžíìë€. ìì€ížëĄë°ìŽëŹì€ì êČœì° Type 5êłŒ Type 2ì ì ì ìí ë¶íŹììì íìžíìë€. ëí ë
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žëĄë°ìŽëŹì€ë ì ìžêłì ìŒëĄ GII.4íìŽ ì ííêł ìêł , ì”ê·Œìë GII.17íìŽ ì¶ííêł êžìŠíë ëí„ì ë°ëŒ ëłž ì°ê”Źììë GII.17íìŽ ê°ì„ ì°ìžíììŒë©°, ìì€ížëĄë°ìŽëŹì€ êČœì°ë ê”ëŽìì ì°ìží ì ì ìíìž Type 1ìž êČêłŒë ì°šìŽê° ìë ìŹëĄìë€. íčí, ë¶ì°ì§ììì ìì€ížëĄë°ìŽëŹì€ê° ìì€ë
ë°ìì ììžìŽ ë êČœì°ë ìŽëČìŽ ìČ« ìŹëĄìŹì ëłž ì°ê”Źë„Œ í”íìŹ ë¶ì°ì§ìì ìì€ë
ë°ìì ìëĄìŽ ë°ì ììì íì
íë ë§€ì° íčì§ì êČ°êłŒë„Œ ì»ìë€. This paper studies an infection of norovirus and astrovirus in outbreaks in Korea. In March 2016, gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred in Busan. 522 students of three departments at university D had meeting at a restaurant near the university. Some of them had symptom such as diarrhea, vomiting. Epidemiological, laboratory and environmental investigations were performed to identify the agents of the outbreaks. Fecal specimens were collected from 35 students and 7 food handlers to identify causative viral agents. Norovirus genogroup GI and GII were detected from diarrhea patients. Astrovirus was also detected from some of them. In particular, these outbreaks were the first occurrence associated with astrovirus in Busan. Total of 42 samples were collected, and 24 samples resulted in positive to norovirus (16 cases) and astrovirus (8 cases). To identify the molecular genetic information of norovirus, we carried out sequences analysis of the detected strains. Norovirus genotypes were classified into GI.3, GI.4, GII.4, GII.13, GII.17 and GII.21. Astrovirus genotypes were seven astrovirus type 5 and one astrovirus type 2. We performed environmental investigation about water at the kitchen, but norovirus and astrovirus were not detected. The statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between illness and risk factors. The results of this study may contribute to accumulate more the epidemiological data and develop the public health and hygiene.
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Molecular Epidemiology
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Background & Aim: Norovirus genogroup I (NV GI) and NV GII sapovirus (SaV) genogroups I, II, IV, and V , human rotavirus A(HRV), adenovirus serotypes 40 and 41 (AdV) and human astrovirus (AstV) are the most common causes of viral gastroenteritis and result in large outbreaks of viral diarrhea. An estimated 1.8 million children die each year from largely preventable enteric illnesses with the large majority of these mortalities occurring in developing countries. Gastroenteritis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Astrovirus and norovirus are the major viral pathogens responsible for gastroenteritis. In this study performs to determine the prevalence of astrovirus and norovirus in fecal specimens of children with gastroenteritis.
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To investigate the molecular epidemiologic characteristics and genotypes of norovirus in children less than 5 years of age in Lulong area from 2008 to 2009.325 stool specimens and epidemiological data from hospitalized children with diarrhea less than 5 years of age were collected. Rotavirus was detected by using the ELISA kit. Norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus were detected by multiple reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Partial norovirus strains were sequenced and the tree was conducted by using the phylogenetic analyses.Norovirus was detected in 37 out of 325 (11.3%) specimens,ranked only second to rotavirus (48.6%), and higher than adenovirus (6.5%) and astrovirus (4.3%). Norovirus predominantly infected children less than 2 years of age and the season peak of norovirus occurred in November. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the predominant strain was the GII. 4/2006b variant. Interestingly, a novel unreported GII-4 variant was found in this study.Norovirus was one of the most important pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis from 2008 to 2009 in Lulong area. The GII. 4/2006b vairant was still the predominant strain. It is important to keep on monitoring the novel GII. 4 variant.
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Acute gastroenteritis
Molecular Epidemiology
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