Pumping up the volume − vacuole biogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana
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Organelle
Organelle biogenesis
Plant cell
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles that are the subcellular location of important metabolic reactions. In humans, defects in the organelle's function are often lethal. Yet, relative to other organelles, little is known about how cells maintain and propagate peroxisomes or how they direct specific sets of newly synthesized proteins to these organelles (peroxisome biogenesis/assembly). In recent years, substantial progress has been made in elucidating aspects of peroxisome biogenesis and in identifying PEX genes whose products, peroxins, are essential for one or more of these processes. The most progress has been made in understanding the mechanism by which peroxisome matrix proteins are imported into the organelles. Signal sequences responsible for targeting proteins to the organelle have been defined. Potential signal receptor proteins, a receptor docking protein and other components of the import machinery have been identified, along with insights into how they operate. These studies indicate that multiple peroxisomal protein-import mechanisms exist and that these mechanisms are novel, not simply variations of those described for other organelles.
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Peroxisomal targeting signal
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Abstract Organelle abundance is tightly regulated in eukaryotic cells in response to external stimuli. The underlying mechanisms responsible for this regulation remains less understood. Time-lapse imaging of fluorescently labelled organelles allow for counting individual organelle copies at a single-cell level. These experiments contain information about the time evolution of distribution of organelle number across a population of cells. To tap onto such data, we build upon a recently proposed kinetic model of organelle biogenesis that explicitly incorporates de novo synthesis, fission, fusion and degradation of organelles. Different limits of this general model correspond to distinct mechanisms of organelle biogenesis. We compute the first two moments of organelle number distribution for these different mechanisms. Interestingly, different mechanisms of biogenesis lead to qualitatively distinct temporal behavior of cell-to-cell variability (noise), thereby allowing us to discern between these mechanisms. Notably, noise in temporal organelle abundance exhibits strikingly more complex behaviour as compared to the steady state. Our modeling framework paves the way for extracting quantitative information about the dynamics of organelle biogenesis from time-lapse experiments that can measure organelle abundance at single-molecule resolution.
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Organelle biogenesis is regulated by transcriptional networks that modulate expression of specific genes encoding organellar proteins. Structural and functional specificity of organelles requires not only the transcription of specific genes and translation of resulting mRNAs, but also the transfer of encoded polypeptides to their site of function through signaling peptides. A defect in targeting of proteins to their subcellular site of function may not necessarily prevent biogenesis of the organelle, but would definitely lead to formation of a defective organelle with respect to that specific function. Several metabolic diseases are associated with dysfunction or defects in organelle biogenesis; among these, peroxisome biogenesis disorders, mitochondrial biogenesis defects and lysosomal storage disorders are an extensively studied group of genetic diseases where biogenesis of the organelle is compromised either due to a defect in assembly of the organelle itself or impaired import of matrix proteins into the organelle. Recent advances in biochemical and molecular aspects of biogenesis of subcellular organelles have not only unraveled the mechanisms for organization of cellular networks, but have also provided new insights into the development of metabolic diseases that are caused by disruption of organelle biogenesis. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of biogenesis of mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes in relation to the metabolic diseases of genetic or nongenetic origin.
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All plant cells contain numerous organelles, like mitochondria chloroplasts, with specific functions that are generally very similar among cell types and species. However, vacuoles, which are by far the largest compartments in plant cells, show a broad diversification in shape, dimensions, content and function among species and tissues. Plant vacuoles are essential in plant development as they maintain turgor pressure and cell shape thereby participating to build the plant structure. Vacuoles are also for protein storage, cytosolic ion homoeostasis and sequestration of secondary metabolites and toxic compounds. Some specialized plant cells contain multiple vacuoles with different functions. The distinct vacuolar functions are mirrored by the large variety of proteins that reside in this organelle. In particular, a multitude of transporters on the tonoplast define the traffic of molecules to and from the cytoplasm, resulting in distinct compositions of the vacuolar lumen. These transporters are therefore major contributors in defining the identity and function of the different vacuolar types. In this thesis the study of different aspects of plant vacuoles biogenesis, functions and dynamics were studied by combining molecular genetic strategies, such as the analysis of mutants and transcriptomes, with evolutionary analyses comparing distinct plant species with specific adaptations.
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Plant cell
Turgor pressure
Organelle biogenesis
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Organelle biogenesis
Membrane contact site
Lipid droplet
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The biogenesis and positioning of organelles involves complex interacting processes and precise control. Progress in our understanding is being made rapidly as advances in analysing the nuclear and organellar genome and proteome combine with developments in live-cell microscopy and manipulation at the subcellular level. This paper introduces the collected papers resulting from Organelle Biogenesis and Positioning in Plants, the 2009 Biochemical Society Annual Symposium. Including papers on the nuclear envelope and all major organelles, it considers current knowledge and progress towards unifying themes that will elucidate the mechanisms by which cells generate the correct complement of organelles and adapt and change it in response to environmental and developmental signals.
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Organelle biogenesis
Proteome
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Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous dynamic organelles that store and supply lipids in all eukaryotic and some prokaryotic cells for energy metabolism, membrane synthesis, and production of essential lipid-derived molecules. Interest in the organelle’s cell biology has exponentially increased over the last decade due to the link between LDs and prevalent human diseases and the discovery of new and unexpected functions of LDs. As a result, there has been significant recent progress toward understanding where and how LDs are formed, and the specific lipid pathways that coordinate LD biogenesis.
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Melanosome
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Photoaging
Organelle biogenesis
Melanocyte
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All eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound structures called organelles. Each organelle has specific composition and function. Some of the organelles are generated de novo in a cell. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major contributor of proteins and membranes for most of the organelles. In this mini review, we discuss de novo biogenesis of two such organelles, peroxisomes and lipid droplets (LDs), that are formed in the ER membrane. LDs and peroxisomes are highly conserved ubiquitously present membrane-bound organelles. Both these organelles play vital roles in lipid metabolism and human health. Here, we discuss the current understanding of de novo biogenesis of LDs and peroxisomes, recent advances on how biogenesis of both the organelles might be linked, physical interaction between LDs and peroxisomes and other organelles, and their physiological importance.
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Organelle biogenesis
Membrane contact site
Lipid droplet
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The nucleus must coordinate organelle biogenesis and function on a cell and tissue-specific basis throughout plant development. The vast majority of plastid and mitochondrial proteins and components involved in organelle biogenesis are encoded by nuclear genes. Molecular characterization of nuclear mutants has illuminated chloroplast development and function. Fewer mutants exist that affect mitochondria, but molecular and biochemical approaches have contributed to a greater understanding of this organelle. Similarities between organelles and prokaryotic regulatory molecules have been found, supporting the prokaryotic origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria. A striking characteristic for both mitochondria and chloroplast is that most regulation is posttranscriptional.
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Nuclear gene
Organelle biogenesis
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