Aqueous Dispersions of Unmodified Y@C82 (C2v ) Endohedral Metallofullerene
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Aqueous dispersions of an unmodified (pristine) (AFD) nY@C82 (symmetry C2v) endofullerene were produced with a nearly 100% yield relative to the initial toluene solution of the endofullerene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this kind of endofullerene aqueous dispersions. The solvent-exchange ultrasound-assisted procedure requires no modification of the endofullerene surface or addition of any stabilizing agents into the aqueous phase. The procedure is applicable to any endohedral metallofullerene aqueous dispersions suitable for biomedical applications. The resulting dispersions are stable for at least 6 months. For the produced aqueous dispersions of Y@C82, the zeta potential of ca. –42 mV shows good stability; the average diameter of clusters was as small as ca. 120 nm. Techniques for purification and purity control of nY@C82 and of the intermediate toluene solution of Y@C82 were developed. The residual quantity of organic compounds was less than 1 ppb after the purification. Based on ICP–AES, headspace GC–MS, and MALDI–TOF, a procedure to assess endofullerene concentrations in the aqueous phase was proposed.Keywords:
Metallofullerene
Zeta potential
Aqueous two-phase system
Photoconductivity has been measured on films of pure poly(Nvinylcarbazole) (PVK) and PVK doped with the metallofullerene Dy@C82 and the fullerenes C84 and C60. The photo-induced discharge rate of the PVK film increased dramatically when doped with the metallofullerene or the fullerenes. Comparatively, the film doped with Dy@C82 displayed better photoconductivity than that doped with C84, which is attributed to the Dy@C82 being a better electron acceptor than C84. However, the film doped with C60 showed the best photoconductivity. This is attributed to the better electron accepting ability of excited C60* or the better miscibility of the hollow fullerenes with the PVK polymer and organic solvents.
Metallofullerene
Photoconductivity
Electron acceptor
Acceptor
Miscibility
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Metallofullerene
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Metallofullerene
Fullerene chemistry
Carbon fibers
Laser Ablation
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ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Derivatization of Endohedral Metallofullerene La C82 with Digermirane.
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The discovery of fullerene offers opportunities to explore the beautiful chemistry on the fullerenes' curved surfaces and design novel fullerene-based materials for numerous applications. Another appeal of fullerenes is that it is possible to execute endohedral chemistry by the encapsulation of atoms or groups of atoms, creating the possibility of further control of the electronic structures and redox properties of fullerenes. Recently the main goals are on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of novel functional materials based on fullerene and metallofullerene derivatives. Some new research projects are proposed on the rational design of new fullerene/metallofullerene materials useful in chemosensors, solar energy converters and devices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a survey on the current development of the investigation on fullerene and its applications
Metallofullerene
Fullerene chemistry
Endohedral fullerene
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The endohedral nature of the metallofullerene Y@C82 is described based on recent results of the X-ray structural study for the metallofullerene Y@C82 by the synchrotron powder diffraction experiment. For the structural analysis, the novel method which is the combination of the Rietveld analysis and the Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) is employed to analyse the complicated powder pattern. The obtained MEM charge density reveals that the yttrium atom is trapped within the carbon cage and reside very close to the fullerene cage indicating the strong off-centered nature of the Y@C82 molecule.
Metallofullerene
Maximum entropy method
Powder Diffraction
Rietveld Refinement
Endohedral fullerene
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Many fullerenes that violate the isolated pentagon rule (IPR) form stable metallofullerenes. In general, a fullerene cage is kinetically stabilized by acquiring a given number of electrons. Kinetic stability of negatively charged non-IPR fullerenes, including the recently isolated endohedral metallofullerene with a heptagonal face, was rationalized in terms of bond resonance energy (BRE). Interestingly, molecular anions of conventional fullerenes found in most isolated metallofullerenes are kinetically stable with large positive BREs for all CC bonds. As we pointed out in 1993, the IPR does not apply to charged fullerenes because π-bonds shared by two five-membered rings are aromatized to varying extents.
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Metallofullerene
Reactivity
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Endohedral fullerene
Metallofullerene
Fullerene chemistry
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Since the first studies on production and solvent extraction of metallofullerenes such as La/Y/Sc@C82, there had been great controversy as to whether or not the metal atom is really trapped inside the fullerene cage. This chapter discusses the endohedral nature and detailed endohedral structures of the metallofullerenes obtained by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction measurements: Y@C82, Sc@C82 and La@C82. It also discusses the dynamics of metal atoms within the fullerene cage: di-metallofullerene (Sc2C2@C82) and tri-metallofullerene (Sc2C2@C80). Structure of one orientation of the Li@C60 cation extracted from a disordered structure is shown. The chapter tabulates the crystal data and structural parameters of La@C82,Y@C82 and Sc@C82 grown from toluene solutions. It also shows the single crystal X-ray structure of the metallofullerene Sc4(m3-O)2@C80[Ih] co-crystallized with NiII-(OEP)·2C6H6 (where OEP is octaethylporphyrin).
Metallofullerene
Endohedral fullerene
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