Effects of Drought on Xylem Anatomy and Water-Use Efficiency of Two Co-Occurring Pine Species
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Exploring how drought influences growth, performance, and survival in different species is crucial to understanding the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems. Here, we investigate the responses of two co-occurring pines (Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris) to interannual drought in east-central Spain by dendrochronological and wood anatomical features integrated with isotopic ratios of carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) in tree rings. Our results showed that drought induces both species to allocate less carbon to build tracheid cell-walls but increases tracheid lumen diameters, particularly in the transition wood between early and latewood, potentially maximizing hydraulic conductivity but reducing resistance to embolism at a critical phase during the growing season. The thicker cell-wall-to-lumen ratio in P. nigra could imply that its xylem may be more resistant to bending stress and drought-induced cavitation than P. sylvestris. In contrast, the higher intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) in P. sylvestris suggests that it relies more on a water-saving strategy. Our results suggest that narrower cell-walls and reduced growth under drought are not necessarily linked to increased iWUE. At our site P. nigra showed a higher growth plasticity, grew faster and was more competitive than P. sylvestris. In the long term, these sustained differences in iWUE and anatomical characters could affect forest species performance and composition, particularly under increased drought stress.Keywords:
Tracheid
Scots pine
Water Use Efficiency
Drought Tolerance
Drought stress
Tracheid
Scots pine
Pulpwood
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Plant drought stress causes systematic changes to photosynthesis, metabolism, growth, and potentially the phytobiome. Additionally, drought affects plants in both a species-specific and water-deficit-driven manner, causing the response to drought to be dependent both on how drought is being experienced and on any adaptation to prior drought exposure. Thus, understanding the effect of drought on plants requires assessing drought response in multiple conditions, such as progressive acute drought and recurrent cyclic drought, and at different levels of severity. In this study, we have utilized RNA sequencing to identify changes to the plant transcriptome and the phytobiome during both acute progressive drought and cyclic drought at multiple severities. Co-analysis of the plant and phytobiome, utilizing the same RNAseq data, allows for the identification of novel associations that would not be possible otherwise. We have identified that the drought response ranges from increased transcripts related to photosynthesis and metabolic activity in mild acute drought to decreased transcripts related to photosynthesis and metabolic impairment in severe drought. Moreover, while water deficit is a main driver of transcriptional responses in severe drought, there are increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and photosynthetic transcripts in cyclic severe drought compared with acute severe drought, independent of water deficit. The phytobiome exhibits alternate responses to drought when compared with the transcriptome. Specifically, the phytobiome is affected more by the cyclic or acute nature of the drought rather than the severity of the drought, with the phytobiome having an increase in taxa under cyclic drought that are often reported to have beneficial effects on the plants. Lastly, we have identified associations between taxa in the phytobiome with expression of disease response, ROS metabolism, and photosynthesis transcripts suggesting interplay between the host plant and its phytobiome in response to drought.
Drought Tolerance
Drought stress
Plant Physiology
Ecophysiology
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1Katedra Użytkowania Lasu, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu 2Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznan
Scots pine
Tracheid
Ecophysiology
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Tracheid
Scots pine
Growing season
Afforestation
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Drought tolerance traits of 14 widely used Chinese rice maintainers were evaluated at flowering stages using both soil moisture meter and drying soil methods.Based on their drought-stress-caused fertility injury and water-supplying remedy,four ranks were classified as drought-insensitive,drought-resistant,drought-friability and drought-sensitive.Typical drought-insensitive maintainers K22-B,Jin 23-B and typical drought-sensitive maintainers Zhenshan 97-B,Zhong 9-B were selected to suffer drought treatments and to study their physiological responses to drought.The results indicated that the water potential of reproductive organs and flag-leaf transpiration rate were decreased by drought,but when compared with the drought-sensitive maintainers,the drought-insensitive maintainers showed a higher water potential which was decreased relatively slower with drought enhancing.There was no difference of photosynthetic rate between drought-insensitive and drought-sensitive maintainers under normal water condition,but the photosynthetic rate was decreased by drought treatment,and the decreases were bigger for drought-sensitive maintainers than for drought-insensitive maintainers.There was no significant difference between the two types of maintainers in pollen and anther number in drought condition(P0.05),and in pollen-fullness and germination rate on stigma.However,pollen number on stigma and opening degree of anther were decreased more in drought-sensitive maintainers than in drought-insensitive maintainers.Therefore,the drought-insensitive maintainers have a higher photosynthesis and higher photosynthate transportation efficiency than drought-sensitive maintainers.
Drought Tolerance
Drought stress
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It is a well-known fact that life form of any plant is determined by its genetic characteristics. However, depending on the conditions of natural habitat, there are certain variations of not only external specific features of the same plants, but also of their anatomic organization. The article provides the results of the cell structure examinations of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in moss-covered (Pinetum pleurozium) and bracken (Pinetum pleurozium) forests. Ten temporary experimental sites for each type of forest were set according to methods used in forest sciences and forest taxation. Taking into account the structure of annual layers of conifers, the study determined the quantitative parameters of radial growth and the main size indicators of early and late tracheids. It is revealed that the width of an annual layer and the quantity of tracheids in a radial row belong to the most changeable parameters, while tangential dimensions of tracheids belong to the least changeable parameters. In general, the analyses of obtained data from 18 dimensional characteristics showed that moss-covered pine forest is characterized by the greater value of a radial diameter of early tracheids (6 %) and their cavities (3 %), as well as greater cavity areas (3 %); a bracken pine forest, in turn, has a greater width of latewood in an annual layer (16 %) and thickness of a cell wall of late tracheids (10 %). Therefore, it is recommended to measure only these specific parameters to reduce the time spent on conducting researches in future. The cluster analysis confirmed that the morphological and anatomical characteristics are effective indicators to define the forest type.
Scots pine
Tracheid
Bracken
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In growth chamber experiments the authors compared the water-use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance (DT - retention of dry mass vegetative yield when droughted) of the drought intolerant common tomato, L. esculentum and the ostensibly drought tolerant tomato, L. pennellii. Drought treatment was imposed as two severe episodes of drought, each episode lasting until all leaves on the plant were silted, with a period of recovery between treatments. They measured up to 20 performance attributes to WUE and DT, including: root:shoot ratio, leaf internal CO2/ambient CO2, {delta}{sup 13}C, leaf photosynthetic rate, specific leaf mass, leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, and stomatal density. Water-use efficiency is negatively correlated with drought tolerance; drought tolerance is positively correlated with plants' ability to increase WUE under stress. Few other attributes are correlated with drought tolerance, and some are conspicuous by their absence. They find evidence for substantial genetic linkage among attributes that confer drought tolerance; and interplant rankings in drought tolerance depend strongly upon the type of drought stress experienced (episodic vs. continuous).
Drought Tolerance
Water Use Efficiency
Lycopersicon
Drought stress
Drought Resistance
Stomatal Conductance
Water Stress
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In this report,the expression of AsEXP1 gene was tested under drought stress among turf-grass species.The result showed significant correlation between AsEXP1 gene expression and drought tolerance.It is expressed in drought tolerant plants but silent in drought sensitive plants.Further analysis with turf-grass‘PennA-4’,a heat tolerant but drought sensitive grass species,revealed that the induced AsEXP1 by heat was beneficial for plants to tolerate drought stress.
Drought Tolerance
Drought stress
Drought Resistance
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Validation of Candidate Markers Drought Tolerance in Soybean Genotypes under Normal and Drought Stress Condition
Drought stress
Drought Tolerance
Water Stress
Drought Resistance
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The method of randomized block design was used under the ordinary treatment and drought pressure treatment,and the analysis and evaluation of drought tolerance of 47 inbred lines in maize were studied.The results showed that: it was fortissimo of drought tolerance that there were Ying64,478,Ye52106;it was stronger of drought tolerance that there were 38-11,Mo17,Ji853,Zi330,III.Hy,Huang C,Shen5003,444,Lx9801,Dan340,Zheng58,C103,Zheng22,Ji63,X178 under severe drought stress conditions;it was fortissimo of drought tolerance that there were Ying64,38-11,Qi319;it was stronger of drought tolerance that there were Mo17Ht,Zheng58,K12,L289,Tangsipingtou,444,478,Shen5003 on moderate drought stress conditions.
Drought Tolerance
Drought stress
Inbred strain
Drought Resistance
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