Torso geometry reconstruction and body surface electrode localization using three-dimensional photography
Erick Andres Perez AldayJason ThomasMuammar KabirGolriz SedaghatNichole M. RogovoyEelco van DamPeter van DamWilliam R. WoodwardCristina FussMaros FerencikLarisa G. Tereshchenko
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The voltage-current relationship between intrathoracic ‘dipoles’ and body surface locations was examined in anesthetized dogs. Controlled currents were applied at body surface points, and potentials were recorded at the intrathoracic dipoles. A technique of fastening the electrodes to a cast made on the animal's torso permitted exact measurement of the torso and electrode geometry. The potentials recorded in the animal were compared with (1) an infinite-medium simulation performed on a digital computer, (2) a bounded- medium simulation performed in the plaster cast of each torso studied, and (3) a simulation involving a torso model containing heart and lungs. The correlation between recorded and simulated potentials was fair for the infinite-medium simulation, improved by the boundary, and further improved by the addition of inhomogeneity. Implications for electrocardiography are discussed.
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We have developed a new approach to perform body surface Laplacian imaging of cardiac electrical activity by estimating the body surface Laplacian electrocardiograms from potential electrocardiographic signals. This paper describes a numerical algorithm to estimate the Laplacian electrocardiogram from the potential electrocardiograms. Computer simulation studies have been conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the developed approach in aspherical torso volume conductor and in a realistic geometry torso volume conductor. Our preliminary simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of performing body surface Laplacian imaging of cardiac electrical activity from body surface potential electrocardiograms.
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Effect of Inhomogeneities on Body Surface. Introduction: Body surface potential maps (BSPMs) and conventional ECG reflect electrical sources generated by cardiac excitation and repolarization and noninvasively provide important diagnostic information about the electrical state of the heart. Because the heart is located within the torso volume conductor, body surface potentials also reflect the effects of torso inhomogeneities, which include blood, lungs, bone, muscle, fat, and fluid. It is necessary to characterize and understand these effects in order to interpret BSPM and ECG in terms of cardiac activity without “contamination” from the inhomogeneous volume conductor. Methods and Results: Actual measured epicardial and body surface potentials were obtained during normal sinus rhythm and for different pacing protocols from a Langendorff‐perfused dog heart suspended in a human‐shaped torso tank. Accurate geometry of the torso inhomogeneities was digitized from the Visual Human Project and appropriately introduced into a computer model of the tank setup. The geometry and electrical properties of the volume conductor could be varied. Both homogeneous and inhomogeneous torsos have major smoothing effects on BSPM, which is of very low resolution compared with its corresponding epicardial potential pattern. Relative to a homogeneous torso, the inhomogeneities have only a minor effect on BSPM patterns. They augment potential magnitudes depending on the pattern of epicardial activation. Variations of geometry and electrical properties within the normal physiologic range have minimal effects. Conclusion: Effects of torso inhomogeneities on 12‐lead ECGs are minimal, and the associated ECG changes fall within the range of normal interindividual variations.
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Isopotential maps during the QRS interval demonstrate complex, non-dipolar distributions of the cardiac electrical field as it is projected onto the body surface. Correlations have been made in which the cardiac generator distribution and torso-isopotential distribution were related. These correlations suggest the specific torso-isopotential distributions and their evolution can be related to specific local events in ventricular activation.
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The goal of this study was to evaluate the spatial resolution of body surface Laplacian maps (BSLMs) to localize ventricular electrical activity on the anterior wall of the heart by means of computer simulation. A 3-D computer heart-torso model was used to simulate cardiac electrical activity, BSLMs and body surface potential maps (BSPMs). A two site pacing protocol was used to generate two simultaneous myocardial events on the anterior epicardial wall, and on the anterior endocardial wall. The BSLM showed better performance as compared with the BSPM for localizing initial ventricular activation following two site pacing. The present study suggests that body surface Laplacian mapping merits further investigation to explore its application to the clinical diagnosis of cardiac abnormalities.< >
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This paper presents simulation studies of Laplacian electrocardiograms using a realistically shaped heart-torso model. Body surface Laplacian maps (BSLMs) during normal excitation and abnormal excitation with the Wolff-ParkinsonWhite syndrome are examined in comparison with the body surface potential maps (BSPMs). It shows that the BSLM can distinguish the left ventricular breakthrough with a special pattern, which is not distinguished with BSPM. It also shows that the BSLM has better specificity in discriminating multiple accessory pathways than the BSPM. These simulations theatrically suggest the advantages of Laplacian electrocardiogram as a non-invasive method in exploring the excitation processes of the heart.
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A realistic 3-D torso model, which includes the heart and lung and retains the relative size and position of them within the body, was used to test the effects of the lung on body surface potentials. The boundary element method was used to construct a transfer matrix relating the epicardial potentials to the body surface potentials, for the inhomogeneous form of the model. The body surface potentials were obtained from the assumed epicardial potentials with a dsingle ipole or double dipoles in the inhomogeneous field respectively, and compared with those in the homogeneous field. The results show that although the lung has very little effect on the maximal potential and the minimal one at the same nodes, they changed the potentials of other nodes seriously. In the other words, the relative errors of the body surface potentials between the fields attain to 73.6%, and the correlative coefficient is 0.851.
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