Book Review: Ecological effects of pesticides.
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Pesticides are substance or mixture of substance which differ in their physical, chemical and identical properties from one to other. Hence, they are classified based on these properties. Some pesticides are also categorized into various classes depending on the needs. Presently, three most popular classifications of pesticides which are widely used is classification based on the mode of entry, pesticide function and the pest organism they kill, the chemical composition of the pesticide. Based on toxicity of pesticides, WHO classified them into four classes: extremely dangerous, highly dangerous, moderately dangerous and slightly dangerous.
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This chapter contains sections titled: What are Pesticides? Pesticides in Food Human Health Effects from Pesticides Environmental Effects of Pesticides Controlling Pesticides Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides Conclusion
SWORD
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A questionnaire survey was conducted to 378 enterprises engaged in biologically derived pesticides, such as microbial pesticides, botanical pesticides, bio-chemical pesticides, natural enemy and agricultural antibiotics pesticides. There were 112 registered biologically derived active ingredients(AIs), including 30 microbial pesticides, 29 botanical pesticides, 26 bio-chemical pesticides, 2 natural enemies, and 25 agricultural antibiotics(not including abamectin), and accounting for 17% of total number of registered pesticide AIs. In 2012, the production of biological derived pesticides was about 2.9×105 tons(including mixtures products with chemical pesticides), accounting for about 8% of the total output of pesticides. Overall, the quota of biologically derived pesticides in the whole pesticide industry is very low, and the development levels of different varieties of biologically derived pesticides and different manufacturers differ greatly. Several factors, such as properties, registration policy and the costs of pest control have restricted the development of biologically derived pesticides.
Abamectin
Biopesticide
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Pesticides are considered a necessary evil today. The use of pesticides has progressively increased over the last few decades. Prior to World War II, a few inorganic pesticides were used on a negligible scale. The use of synthetic chemicals as pesticides started with the invention of DDT (dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane). Since then, the use of pesticides has grown enormously both in terms of the number of pesticides and the volume of the use of pesticides. The use of synthetic pesticides supports a large number of industries and involves business worth billions of dollars.
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Introduction. The Pesticides Dilemma. The Role and Use of Pesticides in Health. The Role and Use of Pesticides in Agriculture. The Role and Use of Pesticides in the Forest and on Rights-of-Way. The Role of Pesticides for the Homeowner. Testing Procedures in Pesticide Development. Fungicides and Their Uses. Herbicides and Their Uses. Insecticides and Their Uses. Rodenticides and Their Uses. Piscicides and Their Uses. Avicides and Their Uses. Pesticides in Soil. Pesticides in Water. Pesticides in Air. Pesticides in Food. Pesticides and Birds. Pesticides and Mammals. Pesticides in the Biosphere. Pesticide Legislation. Epilogue. References. Index.
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The current state of the environment and the implementing of green chemistry is presenting a significant challenge to chemical pesticides, and yet at the same time, these factors provide an opportunity for development. The future direction of chemical pesticide development will be green pesticides that are chemically synthesized. Termed 揼reen pesticides their characteristics include 1) extremely high activity with low use rates and rapid efficacy, 2) high selectivity with effects only on harmful organisms, and 3) non-polluting, either being nontoxic or having low toxicity with rapid degradation. Pesticide researchers should strengthen their awareness of green chemistry, design appropriate target compounds and screen them quickly and effectively, and apply the techniques of green chemistry to every aspect of chemical pesticide manufacturing. Let traditional chemical pesticides develop into green chemical pesticides, for the survival of chemical pesticides.
Chemical industry
Chemical products
Pesticide degradation
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Pesticides are widely used in producing food to control pests such as insects, rodents, weeds, bacteria, mold and fungus. Pesticides-food contamination is a global food safety problem. The world used pesticides by 6 billion pound annually. The extensive use of pesticides causes of disturbance in natural balance. Due to the environmental balance disturbance, pesticides are playing an important role in plant pests suppression. The vegetables and fruits are exposed to many and many pesticides from different pesticides classes. These pesticides have side effects on plant, animals and human. The main problem now is how to grow plants without using of pesticides? Now it is impossible to prevent using of pesticides. But you can reduce these pesticides. Also, you can use alternative for these pesticides such as plant extracts, organic farming or biopesticidees. Also there are many ways to reduce the pesticides residues in vegetables and fruits such as washing of vegetables and fruits, draying, peeling and boiling. This work focused on pesticides-food contamination causes and solutions
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One hundred and one pesticides listed as “Complementary Items for Setting the Targets for Water Quality Management in Japan” were divided into 16 groups on the basis of their structures. The degradation of 96 pesticides and 5 oxidation by-products in chlorination was studied to determine the potential of the purification process. Pesticides containing sulfur (S) were easily degraded; for 38 pesticides out of 46 examined pesticides, only 50 % or less of their original concentration remained after 4 hours. On the other hand, pesticides without S were hardly degraded; for 45 pesticides out of 50 examined pesticides, more than 50 % of their original concentration remained even after 24 hours. Thus, the potential for degradation of the pesticides by chlorination can be approximated by the presence or absence of S in their chemical formulae. Oxons (P=O), which are oxidation by-products of organophosphate pesticides containing P=S, were hardly degraded. Therefore, oxons may remain in chlorinated water for a long time.
Degradation
Pesticide degradation
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