Catheter-type defibrillation electrode using glassy carbon: results of electrode implantation.
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The implantable defibrillator, developed by Dr Michel Mirowski, is a remarkable electric therapeutic device which has been in clinical use since 1980 in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmia. However, as the present life span of this device is only 3 years, research is being carried on to extend the lifetime with improved stimulation methods, circuits and electrodes. In particular, the electrode system which is inserted into the right ventricle has more than 50 times the electrode area of a pacing electrode and is prone to degradation. What is needed is biocompatibility and electrical stability, similar to that of cardiac pacemaker electrodes, which can be used for more than 10 years. For this purpose, we focused on a conductive ceramic as a new material for the defibrillation electrode instead of the previously-used metal. We selected glassy carbon as our electrode material and tested the surface condition through acute and chronic animal experiments. No clots formed around the electrodes after a 3-month implantation, nor were there surface disorders after the defibrillation stimulations. We concluded that glassy carbon is a promising material for future defibrillation electrodes.Cite
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The thermal barrier efficiency of two types of ceramic particle, glass flakes and aluminum titanate, dispersed on the surface of carbon-fiber epoxy composites, has been evaluated using a cone calorimeter at 35 and 50 kW/m2, in addition to temperature gradients through the samples’ thicknesses, measured by inserting thermocouples on the exposed and back surfaces during the cone tests. Two techniques of dispersing ceramic particles on the surface have been employed, one where particles were dispersed on semi-cured laminate and the other where their dispersion in a phenolic resin was applied on the laminate surface, using the same method as used previously for glass fiber composites. The morphology and durability of the coatings to water absorption, peeling, impact and flexural tension were also studied and compared with those previously reported for glass-fiber epoxy composites. With both methods, uniform coatings could be achieved, which were durable to peeling or water absorption with a minimal adverse effect on the mechanical properties of composites. While all these properties were comparable to those previously observed for glass fiber composites, the ceramic particles have seen to be more effective on this less flammable, carbon fiber composite substrate.
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Nanopatterning of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) transparent conductive films is realized by a fast and robust laser process that exploits a self-organization phenomenon called laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). The smiley exemplifies a grating structure that can easily be created using this technique. Nanopatterned ITO features advanced properties such as robustness in harsh chemical environments as well as improved optical transparency. More details can be found in article number 1900401 by Hendrik Martin Reinhardt, and co-workers.
Indium tin oxide
Transparent conducting film
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Electrical contacts
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Electrocardiography (ECG) is a kind of electrical activities of the heart measured along the skin, and is also an important tool to diagnosis heart decease. In clinical, the conventional ECG electrode is generally used for measuring ECG signal. However, it requires skin preparation and conductive gels to reduce the impedance of the skin-electrode interface. These preparation procedures easily cause the inconvenience and discomfort for the user. Moreover, it also easily encounters the problem of conductive gels drying for long-term ECG measurement. In this study, a capacitive coupling electrode was proposed to measure ECG without contacting the patient body of the user directly. By using the proposed capacitive coupling electrode, ECG can be measured without any preparation and conductive gels. Finally, the electrical characteristic was validated, and ECG measurement was also tested in this study.
Capacitive coupling
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SIGNAL (programming language)
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The automatic internal defibrillator delivers a low-energy shock directly to the heart. Optimal strategies for these shock deliveries are determined by studying a three-dimensional computer model of the electric fields produced by initial defibillation electrodes. A finite-element analysis technique is used to calculate energy and current density distributions in three commonly used electrode configurations: (1) patch-patch (PP), (2) catheter-patch (CP), and (3) catheter-catheter (CC). analysis of these simulations indicates that : (1) the PP and CP configurations are more effective at channeling energy to the myocardium than the CC configuration; (2) small electrodes and the edges of the electrodes give rise to high local current densities which might cause damage to the myocardium: (3) energy delivered to the myocardium is not significantly altered for different electrode placements tested; (4) electrode size influences current density distribution, especially near the electrodes; and (5) energy distribution is sensitive to the relative conductances of the myocardial tissue and blood.< >
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Computer modelling
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