Fault geometric and seismic attributes – an integrated study with focus on the Barents Sea
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A full fault analysis assessing the influences of faults on (hydrocarbon) prospects and fluid communication includes analysis of the fault geometry, the fault architecture and segment linkage, assessment of petrophysical properties as well as establishment of the time-related geological development. It is also crucial to realize that faults are three-dimensional rock bodies, rather than surfaces (Chester and Logan, 1986; Caine et al., 1996; Gabrielsen and Braathen, 2014; Gabrielsen et al., 2016a). Basic data for such study are commonly derived from seismic interpretation and drilling, although studies that combine dedicated fault imaging (Lindanger et al., 2004; Botter et al., 2014) and field data (e.g. Walsh and Watterson, 1991; Childs et al., 2009; Davatzes and Aydin, 2005; Bastesen et al., 2013; Gabrielsen et al., 2016a) has lately become feasible. It is therefore necessary to enhance the tools and capacity for utilizing reflection seismic data in fault analysis, particularly because inaccurate interpretation and mapping of faults could cause incorrect trap definition, leading to the drilling of dry wells and causing misinterpretation of influence of faults on fluid transport. Research efforts by the seismic community have focused much on the use of advanced algorithms (e.g. Chopra and Marfurt, 2007), but has to a lesser extent utilized results from outcrop studies of faults carried out by structural geologists.Keywords:
Petrophysics
Outcrop
Fault block
Summary The main objective of this article is to study petrophysical parameters of Lower Permian carbonate rocks of western part of the Glinsko-Solokhivsky gas and oil region of the Dnieper-Donets depression (DDD) in normal (atmospheric) and modeling (reservoir) conditions. Lower Permian carbonate rocks (that are promising in hydrocarbon content) are widespread within the western part of the Glinsko-Solokhivsky gas and oil region of the DDD. In the Research laboratory of theoretical and applied geophysics of the Institute of Geology comprehensive petrophysical study was carried out, which included determination of: density of rocks; their resistivity; apparent and effective porosity; structure of capillary space; velocity of elastic waves in atmospheric and reservoir conditions. Also, petrophysical research took place. The comprehensive analysis of petrophysical data has been resulted in a set of correlation ratios between reservoir, electric and elastic parameters of studied limestones in atmospheric and reservoir conditions.
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Application ot coherent data volume to interprete fault blocks in complex fault block area is a very ellective tool. The working principle and interpreting method of the coherent volume are introduced for complex fault block area interpretation. By using the coherent data volume slice, fault diagnosis, fault areal distribution and special lithologic igneous rocks are studied in precised structural interpretation of certain fault block area in Dongpu Depression, of which very good result is achieved.
Fault block
Lithology
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Many fault occurred in the early stage of the forming of Shulu Sag and the later construct active stage. The fault occurrence consists of consequent fault and antithetic fault. The different combination types and the variation of fault throw control the distribution of reservoir,in the case of the middle of west slope of Shulu sag,the influence of different types fault combination and fault throw on the reservoir are summarized. In the slope,the antithetic fault combination is favor of the forming of reservoir and the consequent fault is difficult to forming reservoir under the small fault throw with plenty sand body. The hydrocarbon will be accumulation in the upper trap.
Fault block
Growth fault
Normal fault
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Integrated reservoir characterization relies increasingly on vastly improved log-based results from new technologies such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, NMR. Our experimental study is designed to extract more petrophysical information from NMR for reservoir characterization.
Petrophysics
Characterization
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Based on the study of fault geometry,kinematics,and dynamics in Yong 8 fault block using 3-d high-resolution seismic data with oil field geological data,we discovered an east-west striking synthetic-overlapping fault accommodation zone.The western side of the major fault(Xin 120 Fault) with adjusting faults shows a step-style structural pattern,and the eastern side of the major fault(Yong 105 Fault) with adjusting faults shows a horst-style structural pattern.When Xin 120 fault activity becomes weak,Yong 105 Fault and adjusting faults accommodate the displacement.Stress field of Yong 8 accommodation zone is left-lateral,transextensional.Through the analysis of distribution and source of Yong 8 fault block,characteristics of fault activities,and fault sealing properties,we constructed the accumulation model of Yong 8 block fault.The eastern side of the major fault is oil source fault which connected the source and the reservoir,and migrated hydrocarbon during the main hydrocarbon accumulation period,and adjusting faults stopped activities in the earlier period,formed fault traps,and became barrier faults.Western part of Yong 8 fault block is the target region for progressive exploration and development.
Fault block
Growth fault
Horst
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The application of results from new petrophysical techniques combined with standard<br>laboratory petrophysical results, such as porosity and permeability, provides the necessary<br>information to reveal the origin of differences in reservoir quality between various chalk<br>lithofacies and to provide additional means to discriminate among them.
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Recent development in well placement have allowed mapping of the nearby resistivity boundaries and evaluating reservoir structure up to 30m away The new deeper resistivity measurements allow integration of measurement of different scales to propagate the structure with petrophysics parameters far deeper away from the borehole and to provide the best possible geological model populated with properties that can be used to estimate production and completion design. A method is presented that includes the interpretation of a formation structure from the deep directional resistivity tool, correction of petrophysical logs using this structure, refinement of the resistivity model, and propagation of the petrophysical properties. As a results, accessing a more accurate deep formation structure model with a tighter integration with petrophysics provide a more accurate estimation of reserves and production process.
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Abstract In carbonates, the geological facies is a key driver for populating reservoir models with petrophysical properties. Conventionnal core analysis mainly contributes to establish relationships between facies, petrophysics and geophysics. However, populating gridblocks reservoir models with petrophysics requires parsimonious facies classifications and effective relationships at larger scales that field studies rarely investigate. Studying outcrop analogues helps filling the gap between lab measurements and effective upscaled properties of models, and considerably improves the modelling workflows. The ALBION R&D project developed an innovative framework for multi-physics and multi-scales characterization of Barremian-Aptian carbonates from south-eastern France. These outcropping rudist-rich limestones constitute an analogue of Middle-East reservoirs. Petrophysical and geophysical properties were measured on plugs from cores and outcrops but also at larger scales thanks to original experiments on cores, in and between boreholes. Indeed the analogue includes several experimental areas, where hydraulic tests in sealed wells sections and tomographies between very close boreholes allowed investigating petrophysical and geophysical rock properties at intermediate decimetric to decametric scales. Thanks to the resulting database, this paper aims quantifying the variability of multi-physics data (e.g. porosity, permeability, and P-wave velocity) at different scales in regards of an updated and unified facies classification. The latter is only based on sedimentary origin and fabrics. Other available properties affecting petrophysics are used to cluster facies associations in sub-classes. Consequently the facies classification does not allow discriminating the distributions of porosity, permeability, nor p-wave velocity. For the rudist facies, that is the most sampled, texture subclasses do not help this work. Reversely, the place of sampling, that is likely a proxy of diagenesis and age, cluster the petrophysical distributions. The results remind us that a proper facies definition should consider both sedimentary origin, fabrics, texture, diagenesis and tectonics. They also point out the relative importance of each characteristics in regards of the scale of interest and the difficulty to infer upscaled relationships between rock properties from CCAL because the representative elementary volume of carbonates is usually higher than the plug and even the core volumes.
Petrophysics
Outcrop
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There exist two major f ault systems in Luliang uplift of Junggar basin,i.e.deep fault system and mid dle-shallow fault system.The main faults such as Lunan,Jidong and Jinan are c onnected to the hydrocarbon sources.Among them,Lunan fault and Jidong fault po ssess structure of normal fault in the upper part and reverse one in the lower p art;Jinan fault is a reverse fault without normal one in the shallow part;the upper part of Jidong fault appears normal fault with good lateral block-off pr operty,favorable to form reservoir laterally blocked off by the fault;while in the upper part of Lunan fault occurs poor lateral block-off nature of normal f ault and open in the vertical.It is indicated that Jinan fault activity stage w ell matches to the primary oil-generating or oil accumulation period in Fengche ng source rocks,till Triassic the fault plays a part of passage of oil-gas mig ration.For reverse faults of Jidong and Lunan,their matching relations to hydr ocarbon accumu-lation are similar with that of Jinan fault,but their upper no rmal fault movement periods are right to fit the primary oil-generating perio d of Wuerhe formation which is called the second period of hydrocarbon accumulat ion.In Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous,these faults could be as good passa ges for oil-gas migration.It is concluded that the faults developed in Yanshan movement epoch play a significant role in the primary reservoirs' preservatio n,reconstruction and destruction and the secondary reservoirs' formation,prese rvation and reconstruction in this area.
Fault block
Normal fault
Growth fault
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The storage and production capacity of reservoir rocks can be estimated through some petrophysics characteristics involving the lithological identification of the constitute rocks, fluids nature in the porous space, porosity, permeability, saturation and clay content. The most popular tools for obtaining these petrophysical parameters are the conventional geophysical well logs. However, the determination of petrophysical parameters from tools based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has gained prominence in recent decades. In this work, we analyzed rock samples from outcrops in Frades Island region, Bahia, Brazil, through laboratory NMR measurements, to estimate and evaluate the petrophysical properties of the Maracangalha Formation, one of the main hydrocarbons reservoirs in the Recôncavo Basin. The Sandstone samples were characterized in terms of porosity, permeability, saturation, and petrofacies. Finally, we calculated porosity, permeability, and clay content using data from gamma-ray, electrical and density logs, measured in a depth interval interpreted for Maracangalha Formation. These results corroborate with the obtained by NMR since, despite the effects of weathering and erosion on the samples used, the values of porosity and permeability obtained in NMR are in the range of values calculated from these profiles.
Petrophysics
Outcrop
Saturation (graph theory)
Effective porosity
Formation evaluation
Lithology
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