729 Effects of multiple potential distributions on the natural frequency of the piezoelectric composite hollow rotating disk subjected to a thermal load
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Natural frequency
The process of multi-piezoelectric effect generation is analyzed.Through the method of finite element analysis,the results of multi-piezoelectric effect of the piezoelectric ceramics under applied force are obtained.Experimental research of secondary and tertiary piezoelectric effect starting from the direct piezoelectric effect is performed through PZT-5 stack.The signals of secondary converse piezoelectric effect and tertiary direct piezoelectric effect are decoupled and separated by changing boundary conditions of PZT-5 stack.The experimental data shows that the output of secondary converse piezoelectric effect and tertiary direct piezoelectric effect is linear with the applied force.
Converse
Piezoelectric accelerometer
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Basis (linear algebra)
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Here, we present experimental evidence of the direct piezoelectric effect in the globular protein, lysozyme. Piezoelectric materials are employed in many actuating and sensing applications because they can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Although originally studied in inorganic materials, several biological materials including amino acids and bone, also exhibit piezoelectricity. The exact mechanisms supporting biological piezoelectricity are not known, nor is it known whether biological piezoelectricity conforms strictly to the criteria of classical piezoelectricity. The observation of piezoelectricity in protein crystals presented here links biological piezoelectricity with the classical theory of piezoelectricity. We quantify the direct piezoelectric effect in monoclinic and tetragonal aggregate films of lysozyme using conventional techniques based on the Berlincourt Method. The largest piezoelectric effect measured in a crystalline aggregate film of lysozyme was approximately 6.5 pC N−1. These findings raise fundamental questions as to the possible physiological significance of piezoelectricity in lysozyme and the potential for technical applications.
Globular protein
Tetragonal crystal system
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Piezoelectric ceramics exhibit three conventional piezoelectric coefficients, i.e., d33, d31, d15, due to their ∞mm crystal symmetry. Unconventional piezoelectric coefficients, such as d11, d12, d13, d14, d16, etc., can only be extracted from piezoelectric single crystals of special symmetry with specific cut direction. Here we demonstrate a rotated poling method to realize unconventional piezoelectric coefficients in perovskite piezoelectric ceramics. This method is elaborated in theory and experimentally proven to be effective. Full nonzero piezoelectric coefficients in the 3 × 6 piezoelectric coefficients matrix can be obtained by combining these "quasi (effective) piezoelectric coefficients" with the conventional piezoelectric coefficients, which would expand applications in a wide variety of piezoelectric devices.
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The ultrahigh piezoelectric coefficient (d33 ≥ 1000 pC/N) exhibited by piezoelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) ceramics not only captivates researchers but also holds considerable practical value across various applications. While significant progress has been made in enhancing piezoelectricity of PZT-based ceramics, novel mechanisms need to be proposed to explain the piezoelectric behavior of new systems with ultrahigh d33. In this study, we initially employ LiNbO3 as an additive to enhance the piezoelectric properties of the Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbZrO3–PbTiO3 ceramics. and the optimal performance is achieved by incorporating 1.5 mol% of LiNbO3 into the system, resulting in an ultrahigh d33∼1178 pC/N (d33* ∼1560 pm/V (@ E = 5 kV/cm)). The corresponding mechanism for this superior piezoelectric response involves the AB-site co-doping effect, especially the (LiPb′−NbZr/Ti∙) defect dipoles formed by the introduction of LiNbO3. In particular, the addition of LiNbO3 leads to a more uniform distribution of domain sizes, thereby further enhancing the ultrahigh piezoelectricity. These findings pave the way for a deeper under-standing of the origin of ultrahigh piezoelectric properties and make substantial contributions to the advancement of piezoelectric materials for practical applications in electromechanical devices.
Electromechanical coupling coefficient
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Piezoelectric nano-structures have been regarded as the next-generation piezoelectric material due to their inherent nano-sized piezoelectricity. This review summarizes the recent theoretical and experimental findings in piezoelectric nano-structures, including piezoelectric nanowires, nanoplates, nanobeams, nanofilms, nanoparticles, and piezoelectric heterogeneous materials containing piezoelectric nano-inhomogeneities. To begin, the types of piezoelectric nano-structured materials and the wide application of piezoelectric nano-structures in recent years are delineated. Next, the theoretical foundations including the definition of surface stress and electric displacement, the surface constitutive relations, the surface equilibrium equations, and nonlocal piezoelectricity, and their applications, are illustrated. Then, the effective mechanical and piezoelectric properties are depicted. Furthermore, the experimental investigations are classified, and some important observations are discussed. Finally, the perspectives and challenges for the future development of piezoelectric nano-structures are pointed out.
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Piezoresponse force microscopy
Nanogenerator
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Based on the traditional piezoelectric effect theory, the process of multi-piezoelectric effects generation is analyzed and the theory of the secondary and tertiary piezoelectric effect is deduced by four kinds of piezoelectric equations. Experimental research is performed through the PZT-5 piezoelectric ceramics stack, the existence of multi-piezoelectric effects is verified and experimental data is obtained under certain boundary conditions. The experimental data results show that if an external force which is applied to the positive piezoelectric effect is 400, the displacement generated by the secondary converse piezoelectric effect is 0.16. Therefore, starting from the first positive piezoelectric effect of the piezoelectric ceramics under applied force, the displacement generated by the secondary converse piezoelectric effect and the voltage generated by the tertiary positive piezoelectric effect are all linear with the applied force.
Electric displacement field
Piezoelectric accelerometer
Converse
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Piezoelectrics are materials that linearly deform in response to an applied electric field. As a fundamental prerequisite, piezoelectric material must possess a non centrosymmetric crystal structure. For more than a century, this remains the major obstacle for finding new piezoelectric materials. We circumvent this limitation by breaking the crystallographic symmetry, and inducing large and sustainable piezoelectric effects in centrosymmetric materials by electric field induced rearrangement of oxygen vacancies Surprisingly, the results show the generation of extraordinarily large piezoelectric responses d33 ~200,000 pm/V), in cubic fluorite Gd-doped CeO2-x films, which is two orders of magnitude larger than in the presently best known lead based piezoelectric relaxor ferroelectric oxide. These findings open opportunities to design new piezoelectric materials from environmentally friendly centrosymmetric ones.
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