Methodologies for quantifying pollution prevention benefits from landfill gas control and utilization. Final report, November 1993-October 1994
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Abstract:
A combination of mass balance methods and emission factors based on source data can be used to make comparisons in air pollution potential between different landfill gas (LFG) control or utilization options. This report describes the development of emission factors for controlled primary pollutants (e.g., nonmethane organic compounds) and secondary air pollutants (e.g., carbon monoxide). The following criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gases are addressed in this document: nonmethane organic compounds, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, and methane. Data are included that allow an analyst to convert emission factors to units that allow for direct comparison with the energy alternatives mentioned above (e.g., pounds of a pollutant released per kilowatt-hour of electricity produced).Keywords:
Landfill Gas
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In accordance with the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments, EPA established regulations governing new and existing sources of emissions in areas where the NAAQS are being exceeded. These requirements may constrain the implementation of a national energy policy to increase the use of coal in utilities and industries. The states designated the nonattainment areas and prepared State Implementation Plans, outlining strategies for attaining the standards by the deadline of December 31, 1982. This report contains maps of nonattainment areas for all pollutants and summaries of the attainment strategies for those pollutants most likely to affect fossil-fueled energy development - SO/sub 2/, TSP, and NO/sub x/. The review of SIPs indicates that attainment of SO/sub 2/ standards should be relatively easy. Attainment of TSP standards may be more difficult since point sources are already well controlled and further reductions in emissions will require controls on fugitive sources. NO/sub x/ nonattainment is currently limited to three small areas. The report also contains an examination of emission limitations in nonattainment areas and a national assessment of the potential constraints of nonattainment on energy development in 1985 to 1990. The assessment concludes that constraints on projected new coal-fired utilities should not be significant. Constraints on expanded industrial coal use from TSP nonattainment may be significant but the effects of SO/sub 2/ nonattainment should be limited.
Clean Air Act
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Problem statement: The absolute necessity of compulsory fuel utilities, no matter small or big has resulted into substantial high hazards pollutants. Petroleum refineries are major industrial installations that are necessary for providing the best suited fuel for various necessary utilities, but are responsible of the emission of several hazardous pollutants into the atmosphere. Hydrocarbons are among the most perilous air pollutants that are emitted from almost all refining processes in petroleum refineries. Approach: Every day leaks and gaseous discharge from relief valves and liquid discharge, which are often directed to knock-out drums, are flared to minimize the impact of hydrocarbons emissions. But these flares are not that efficient and result into partial discharge of pollutants that have severe impact on the industrial area and urban localities in the vicinity of industrial refining complex. Results: In the present study, a thorough investigation has been completed to estimate the total emissions of sulfur dioxide SO2 and non methane hydrocarbons NMHC (VOCs) and to assess their impact on the air quality in industrial and suburban areas. The latest version AMS/EPA Regulatory Model (AERMOD) specially designed to support the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s was used to predict the ground level concentrations of SO2, VOCs from AL-Ahmadi and Al-Shuiba Refineries of total refining capacity of 646 thousand barrels/day. Conclusion/Recommendations: These concentrations are compared with EPA standards to indicate the ambient air quality. The dispersion model was corroborated with extensive one year hourly record of the surface and upper air meteorological data for year 2006 and emission rates of the specified pollutants, with detailed refinery stacks parameters, such as stack height, diameter, exit flue gas velocity and temperature to determine the fraction of total study area in the vicinity of refineries that had substantially high concentration of these pollutants. It’s found that 10 % of selected area under study has exceedance for SO2, 13 % exceedance for non-methane hydrocarbons NMHC, and there is no exceedance for NO2 which is considered about 50 % of total NOx emissions.
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Refining (metallurgy)
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Fuel oil
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Environmental data
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The contents of this report include: a printout of an update to the control technology database; a description of the control technologies covered; ranges of typical control efficiencies for each control technology; and available cost data range in terms of cost effectiveness (i.e., annualized costs per ton of pollutant reduced, in 1995 dollars).
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TRACE (psycholinguistics)
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Rapid urbanization and industrialization cause increase in energy consumption and generate air and water and soil pollution from the particulate emission into the atmosphere caused by fuel combustion in energy production.
Industrialisation
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