Controllability of Polymer Crystal Orientation Using Heterogeneous Nucleation of Deformed Polymer Loops Grafted on Two-Dimensional Nanofiller
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Nowadays, it is a research hotspot to realize the controllability of polymer crystal structure in polymer nanocomposites. However, polymer crystals induced by two-dimensional filler always exhibit random orientation, which somewhat limit the improvement of physical properties of polymer materials. In the current paper, dynamic Monte Carlo simulations were performed to explore the methods preparing crystals with uniform orientation. Heterogeneous nucleation of deformed polymer loops grafted on two-dimensional filler can induce the appearance of a special nanohybrid shish-kebab (NHSK) structure, in which the two-dimensional filler acts as "shish" and induces the formation of crystals with uniform orientation. The grafted deformed chains are first heterogeneously nucleated on filler surface, and then free chains participate in crystallization, resulting in the formation of the NHSK structure. The NHSK structure can only be formed in the systems with high interfacial interactions at high temperatures or moderate interfacial interactions at moderate temperatures or low interfacial interactions at low temperatures. The method proposed here can be used to achieve the controllability of polymer crystal orientation in experiments.Keywords:
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Part 1 Types of polymer nanocomposites according to fillers: Processing of carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites Environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA) of polymer nanocomposites Calcium carbonate nanocomposites Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as functional fillers in polymer nanocomposites Cellulose nanoparticles as reinforcement in polymer nanocomposites Metal-polymer nanocomposites. Part 2 Types of polymer nanocomposites according to base: Polyolefin-based polymer nanocomposites Poly(vinyl chloride)-based nanocomposites Nylon-based polymer nanocomposites Clay-containing poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET)-based polymer nanocomposites Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) -based polymer nanocomposites Soft polymer nanocomposites and gels Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites. Part 3 Applications of polymer nanocomposites: Polymer nanocomposites in fuel cells Polymer nanocomposites for aerospace applications Flame-retardant polymer nanocomposites Polymer nanocomposites for optical applications Polymer nanocomposite coatings.
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Polymer nanocomposites have actively been studied to replace metals in different emerging applications because of their light weight, superior manufacturability, and low processing cost. For example, extensive research efforts have been made to develop advanced thermally conductive polymer nanocomposites, with good processability, for heat management applications. In this study, liquid crystal polymer (LCP)-based nanocomposites have shown to possess much higher effective thermal conductivity (keff) (i.e., as high as 2.58 W/m K) than neat polymers (i.e., ∼0.2–0.4 W/m K). The fibrillation of LCP in LCP-graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) nanocomposites also demonstrated more pronounced increase in keff than that of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)-GNP nanocomposites. Furthermore, ultra-drawing of LCP-GNP nanocomposite led to additional increase in the nanocomposite's keff because of the alignments of LCP fibrils and the embedded GNP. Experimental results also revealed that, unlike keff, the electrical conductivity (σ) of nanocomposites was unaffected by the types of polymer matrix. This exhibited that the keff and σ were promoted by different mechanisms, suggesting a potential route to tailor polymer nanocomposite's keff and σ independently.
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In recent years, development of polymer nanocomposites has attracted the interest of a number of researchers, due to their synergistic and hybrid properties derived from several components. Polymer nanocomposites can be defined as a mixture of two or more materials, where matrix is a polymer and the dispersed phase has at least one dimension less than 100 nm [1]. These materials, present either in solution or in bulk, offer unique mechanical, optical and thermal properties. The ideal structure of a nanocomposite involves individual nanoparticles uniformly dispersed in a matrix polymer. The key challenge to obtain the full potential of properties enhancement is the dispersion state of nanoparticles. The thermal and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites are strongly related to the morphologies obtained. Based on the degree of separation of the nanoparticles, there are three possible types of nanocomposite morphologies- 1) Conventional composites; 2)
Intercalated nanocomposites; and 3) Exfoliated nanocomposites. When the polymer is unable to intercalate between the silicate layers, a composite of separate phases is obtained, having properties in the same range as that of traditional composites (Figure 1a). In intercalated nanocomposite, a single or sometimes more than one extended polymer chain is intercalated between the silicate layers (Figure 1b). When the silicate layers are completely and homogenously dispersed in a continuous polymer matrix, an exfoliated structure is obtained (Figure 1c) [2].
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Nanoparticles, nanocomposites and polymer nanocomposite foams are a remarkable class of tools with distinctive arrangements and properties. The shape, dimension and surface chemistry of nanoparticles are tailored to manage the structure and properties of the polymer nanocomposite foams. Polymer nanocomposite foams have attracted increasing attention in research and development with several current and potential industrial applications due to their varied margin of superiority over conventional materials. Polymer nanocomposites offer easily customizable product properties, flexible manufacturing processes, a higher strength-to-weight ratio, lower cost, and high resistance to corrosion or erosion. Nanoparticles and nanocomposites are also adding functionality to polymer foams. In this chapter, I have been concisely reviewing an overview of nanoparticles, polymer nanocomposites and emerging applications of polymer nanocomposite foams. Here I am aiming to gather some reported literature of researchers carried concerning the use of nanomaterial in polymeric nanocomposite foams for significant developments in their properties. Phenomenological and technical studies on polymer nanocomposites are continuing. Advanced explanations are required but the mechanisms leading to the formation of several polymer nanocomposite foams are still topics of examination in the material science community. An abundant scientific work requires ample investigation in this field.
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Abstract Organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposites, in particular polymer based hybrid nanocomposites, constitute emerging advanced materials since they combine unique properties from the inorganic and organic (i. e. polymeric) components. We investigated three different hybrid nanocomposites depending on dimensions of the dispersed phase in the nanometer range,; polymer‐layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites where polymers are mixed with layered silicates, polymer/graphene oxide hybrid nanocomposites, and polymer hybrid nanocomposites with reinforcing polymers with isodimensional phases of inorganic silicas using sol‐gel reactions. This Accounts reports the chronological progress of our landmark results on the polymer based hybrid nanocomposites of the three characteristic types that have been prepared in my laboratory for more than two decades, with their impacts, importance and advanced application of the related research fields for readers.
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In this investigation, the effects of carbon nanotube (CNT) shape and distribution on nanocomposite failure are investigated. To achieve our goals, nanocomposites consisting of straight and sinusoidal CNTs with uniform and nonuniform distributions have been modeled. Failure of these nanocomposites is investigated using finite element simulations and micromechanics models. Initially, straight CNT-reinforced polymer is simulated and the stress–strain diagram for this nanocomposite is obtained. To validate our models, the simulation results of this nanocomposite are compared with those found in the literature. Then, sinusoidal CNT-reinforced polymers with uniform and nonuniform CNT distributions are modeled. The results are compared to determine the influence of CNT shape and distribution on nanocomposite failure mechanisms.
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The progress in nanocomposites is varied and used in many industries. Nanocomposites can be made with a variety of enhanced physical, thermal and other unique properties. They have properties that are superior to conventional microscale composites and can be synthesized using simple and inexpensive techniques. The addition of small amounts of nanoparticles to polymers has been able to enable new properties for the composite materials. In recent years polymer nanocomposites have received significant attention because of their importance both from academic and industrial point of view. Composites, Nanocomposites in general and Polymer nanocomposites in particular have been discussed. Different type of nanocomposites and their preparations have been reviewed in brief. Application of polymer nanocomposites for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution has been described taking the examples from the literature as well as our own results. It is found that nanocomposites can be used in an effective manner for the removal of Cr(VI), a highly toxic metal ion.
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Polymer/inorganic hybrid nanocomposite materials are an important direction in nanocomposite material science. The effect of nano-particles on the mechanical and functional properties of the polymer nanocomposite materials is firstly introduced in this paper.Then the preparation methods and application of polymer/ Inorganic hybrid nanocomposite materials are reported detailedly,and the development directions are pointed out.
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