Solution Processed NixSy Films: Composition, Morphology and Crystallinity Tuning via Ni/S-Ratio-Control and Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
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Highly conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with good electrocatalytic ability for reducing triiodide ions (I 3 - ) is a promising catalyst for the counter electrode (CE) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). However, hazardous chemical reducing agents or energy-consuming thermal treatments are required for preparing rGO from graphene oxide (GO). Therefore, it is necessary to find other effective and green reduction processes for the preparation of rGO and to fabricate rGO-based DSSCs. In this study, GO was prepared using a modified Hummers method from graphite powder, and further reduced to rGO through a photothermal reduction process (to give P-rGO). P-rGO shows better electrocatalytic ability due mainly to its high standard heterogeneous rate constant for I 3 - reduction and in part to its considerable electrochemical surface area. The corresponding DSSC shows a higher cell efficiency (η) of 7.62% than that of the cell with a GO-based CE (η= 0.03%). When the low-temperature photothermal reduction process is applied to all-flexible plastic DSSCs, the DSSC with a P-rGO CE shows an η of 4.16%.
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Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with different morphologies were introduced into dyesensitized solar cell (DSSC) as low-cost substitutes for Pt counter electrode (CE). The effect of length and orientation of MWCNTs on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSC with MWCNTs CE were studied by measuring electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of MWCNTs and the photocurrent density–voltage (J–V ) characteristics of DSSC in this study. Results revealed that the long MWCNTs showed better electrocatalytic activity of reducing triiodide ions than short MWCNTs and yielded the power conversion efficiency of 2.42%. When the aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AMWCNTs) with the same length as the long MWCNTs were used to prepare the CE, the power conversion efficiency of the DSSC reaches 2.95%. In order to further improve the performance of the DSSC, the processing of photoanode and counter electrode were adjusted. The power conversion efficiency of the cell with AMWCNTs as CE prepared by adjusted processing achieved 3.95% and the short circuit current density is superior to the DSSC with Pt as CEs, and it indicated the adjusted processing is beneficial to increase the overall performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell.
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A new type of polyoxometalate material, K6SiW11O39Ni(H2O)·xH2O (denoted as SiW11Ni), was successfully synthesized and introduced to a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with modified traditional Pt as a novel composite counter electrode. The new counter electrode showed superior electrochemical catalytic activity for the reduction of I3− to I− in analysis utilizing a Tafel-polarization curve, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The DSSC assembled with the SiW11Ni/Pt photocathode exhibited an enhanced performance (7.03%) under the standard AM 1.5G illumination compared to the DSSC with a pristine Pt photocathode (6.65%). Furthermore, the DSSC based on the SiW11Ni/Pt photocathode had an increased light-harvesting efficiency and was very stable. The results demonstrate that SiW11Ni/Pt is an alternative and highly efficient counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Moreover, the facile design strategy is promising for fabricating efficient and inexpensive composite counter electrode catalysts for DSSCs.
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Highly conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with good electrocatalytic ability for reducing triiodide ions (I3(-)) is a promising catalyst for the counter electrode (CE) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). However, hazardous chemical reducing agents or energy-consuming thermal treatments are required for preparing rGO from graphene oxide (GO). Therefore, it is necessary to find other effective and green reduction processes for the preparation of rGO and to fabricate rGO-based DSSCs. In this study, GO was prepared using a modified Hummers method from graphite powder, and further reduced to rGO through a photothermal reduction process (to give P-rGO). P-rGO shows better electrocatalytic ability due mainly to its high standard heterogeneous rate constant for I3(-) reduction and in part to its considerable electrochemical surface area. The corresponding DSSC shows a higher cell efficiency (η) of 7.62% than that of the cell with a GO-based CE (η=0.03%). When the low-temperature photothermal reduction process is applied to all-flexible plastic DSSCs, the DSSC with a P-rGO CE shows an η of 4.16%.
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This chapter presents an overview on the counter electrode (CE) catalysts in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It also presents the history and cell efficiency level of DSSCs. The chapter explores the fabrication techniques of a DSSC and a symmetrical dummy cell. It explains the operating principle of a DSSC. The chapter describes types and advances in CE catalysts in DSSCs. A typical DSSC is composed of a dye-sensitized mesoscopic TiO2 photoelectrode (PE), an iodide/triiodide redox couple electrolyte, and a platinized CE catalyst. The as-assembled DSSCs were used in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Six types of CE materials, such as Pt metal, metal and alloy, conducting polymers, carbon materials, transition metal compounds (TMCs), and hybrids, have been developed so far for DSSC systems. In general, typical fabrication techniques, for example, urea-metal route, soft-template route, ion exchange technique, and in situ technique, can be used to prepare the TMC catalytic materials.
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Improvement on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been a major research topic for the past thirty years. Several research efforts on increasing the efficiency of DSSC have mainly focused on the synthesis of novel sensitizers, with the continuous employment of the traditional mesoporous TiO films as 2 - - semiconductor, and the iodide/triiodide (I /I ) electrolyte as redox couple. Since not so much have been done in 3 - - exploring other mesoporous semiconductors and redox electrolytes beyond these two, TiO and I /I couple, 2 3 this paper concisely chronicles the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of DSSCs of different dye sensitizers, where only TiO nanofilm and iodide/triiodide redox couple have been used as the semiconductor and 2 electrolyte systems respectively. This list was used to obtain possible relationship between the optical properties of dyes and the PCE of the DSSC. Dye sensitizers with PCE values > 1.00% were employed. The spectral properties of each of the selected sensitizers were used to obtain their spectrum power, I(l). An increase in PCE value as I(l) increases was observed for 81.25% of the sixteen sensitizers considered, which suggests that a direct correlation could exist between the I(l) of a sensitizer and the PCE of the DSSC of that sensitizer.
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