Acoustic Responses of Gas Hydrates Formation in Vertical Gas Migration System
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Summary Acoustic characteristics of hydrate-bearing sediment has been investigated as it is important for gas hydrate geophysical exploration and resource evaluation, however, although gas migration play an important role in gas hydrate accumulation system, there are rarely reports on acoustic response of hydrate formation in gas migration system. In this paper, a high pressure apparatus was developed to allow gas continuously migrating from bottom to top vertically. Hydrate saturation (Sh) and acoustic velocities (Vp & Vs) were measured in one system by time domain reflectometry and ultrasonic methods respectively during gas hydrate formation in the gas migration system. The results were compared with the previous data obtained in the closed system, which showed that the acoustic velocities of hydrate-bearing sediment in vertical gas migration system are slightly smaller than that in the closed system during hydrate formation process. The acoustic velocities increase at a constant speed as hydrate saturation increases in closed system, while in vertical gas migration system, the increase of acoustic velocities show a fast-slow-fast process with the increase of hydrate saturation.Keywords:
Clathrate hydrate
Clathrate hydrate
Inclusion compound
Lattice (music)
Chemical polarity
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It has been known that the IVb atoms and SiO_2 compounds can consist of cage structure that is the same of the gas hydrate compounds. This paper provides structural and physical properties of inorganic clathrate compounds recently reported.
Clathrate hydrate
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The properties of clathrate hydrates were used to explain the complex and poorly understood physical processes taking place within cometary nuclei and other icy solar system bodies. Most of all the experiments previously conducted used starting compositions which would yield clathrate types I hydrates. The main criterion for type I vs. type II clathrate hydrate formation is the size of the guest molecule. The stoichiometry of the two structure types is also quite different. In addition, the larger molecules which would form type II clathrate hydrates typically have lower vapor pressures. The result of these considerations is that at temperatures where we identified clathrate formation (120-130 K), it is more likely that type II clathrate hydrates will form. We also formed clathrate II hydrates of methanol by direct vapor deposition in the temperature range 125-135 K.
Clathrate hydrate
Stoichiometry
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A molecular dynamics simulation of a three-phase system including a gas clathrate, liquid water, and a gas was carried out at 298 K and high pressure in order to investigate the growth mechanism of the clathrate from a dilute aqueous gas solution. The simulation indicated that the clathrate grew on interfaces between the clathrate and the liquid water, after transfer of the gas molecules from the gas phase to the interfaces. The results suggest a two-step process for growth: first, gas molecules are arranged at cage sites, and second, H(2)O molecules are ordered near the gas molecules. The results also suggest that only the H(2)O molecules, which are surrounded or sandwiched by the gas molecules, form the stable polygons that constitute the cages of the clathrate. In addition, the growth of the clathrate from a concentrated aqueous gas solution was also simulated, and the results suggested a growth mechanism in which many H(2)O and gas molecules correctively form the structure of the clathrate. The clathrate grown from the concentrated solution contained some empty cages, whereas the formation of empty cages was not observed during the growth from the dilute solution. The results obtained by both simulations are compared with the results of an experimental study, and the growth mechanism of the clathrate in a real system is discussed.
Clathrate hydrate
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Clathrate hydrate
Hydroquinone
Metastability
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clathrate compound란 호스트 분자가 수소 결합에 의하여 3차원 골격구조를 만들고, 이 격자 내부의 동공으로 저분자량의 기체 게스트 분자가 포집되며 형성되는 고체 결정 화합물이다. 현재까지 다양한 호스트 분자가 clathrate 화합물을 형성하는 것으로 보고되어 있으며, 이 중 유기물인 hydroquinone 역시 clathrate compound를 형성할 수 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. clathrate compound는 작은 고체 부피 내부에 막대한 양의 기체 분자를 저장할 수 있는 특성을 지니고 있기 때문에, 에너지 가스의 저장/수송이나 혼합 가스의 선택적 분리와 같은 다양한 응용을 위한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 clathrate compound를 형성하는 유기 호스트 분자인 hydroquinone을 이용하여 다양한 기체분자들에 대한 포집 거동을 파악하였다. 순수 기체로는 N₂, H₂, CO₂, CH₄의 4종류를 가지고 고압 반응기에서 50bar의 압력, 상온에서의 반응 조건으로 반응을 시켰다. 이렇게 형성된 반응 샘플들은 clathrate 형성 여부(기체의 포집 여부)를 확인하기 위하여 x-ray 회절을 통한 고체 결정 구조 분석을 수행하였다. 또한 순수 기체 이외에 다양한 비율(20%, 40%, 60%, 80%)의 조성을 갖는 CO₂+N₂ 혼합가스를 이용하여 clathrate compound의 형성과 조성 분석을 수행하였는데, x-ray 회절 분석과 13C 고체 NMR 분석을 통해 미세 구조 분석 연구를 수행하였고, Raman분석을 통하여 그 조성을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과는 기체의 저장/수송이나 혼합 가스의 선택적 분리와 같은 응용 분야에서 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
Clathrate hydrate
Hydroquinone
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Abstract Clathrate hydrates are arguably the best understood class of supramolecular materials. Extensive experimental work has been carried out over the last 200 years, and theoretical and computational work for the last 50 years. Also, clathrate hydrates have been investigated from an industrial point of view as these materials tend to form blockages in oil and gas pipelines. Finally, clathrate hydrates occur in nature and play a complex and incompletely understood role in the geosphere. This work presents an overview of the structures and properties of clathrate hydrates as supramolecular solids as well as some of the theoretical foundations required to understand these interesting solids formed between water and a variety of guest species.
Clathrate hydrate
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Clathrate hydrate
Powder Diffraction
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Clathrate hydrate
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Clathrate hydrate forms when a hydrophobic molecule is entrapped inside a water cage or cavity. Although biomolecular structures also have hydrophobic patches, clathrate-like water is found in only a limited number of biomolecules. Also, while clathrate hydrates form at low temperature and moderately higher pressure, clathrate-like water is observed in biomolecular structure at ambient temperature and pressure. These indicate presence of other factors along with hydrophobic environment behind the formation of clathrate-like water in biomolecules. In the current study, we presented a systematic approach to explore the factors behind the formation of clathrate-like water in biomolecules by means of molecular dynamics simulation of a model protein, maxi, which is a naturally occurring nanopore and has clathrate-like water inside the pore. Removal of either confinement or hydrophobic environment results in the disappearance of clathrate-like water ordering, indicating a coupled role of these two factors. Apart from these two factors, clathrate-like water ordering also requires anchoring groups that can stabilize the clathrate-like water through hydrogen bonding. Our results uncover crucial factors for the stabilization of clathrate-like ordering in biomolecular structure which can be used for the development of new biomolecular structure promoting clathrate formation.
Clathrate hydrate
Biomolecule
Nanopore
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