Climate change as a long-term stressor for the fisheries of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America
Paris D. CollingsworthDavid B. BunnellMichael MurrayYu‐Chun KaoZachary S. FeinerRandall M. ClaramuntBrent M. LofgrenTomas O. HöökStuart A. Ludsin
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Keywords:
Overfishing
Freshwater ecosystem
Environmental change
Human population growth and activities over the past century have broadly affected marine fish biodiversity, with several species declining or near extinction (1). Many of the world’s salmon species are particularly vulnerable because they rely on a diverse array of habitats for survival and reproduction (2), which compromises their ability to adapt to environmental changes (3). Salmon populations throughout the world face unprecedented threats to their survival and viability, including habitat degradation, climate change, pathogens, illegal trade, and overfishing (4–9). Protecting these fish and their ecosystems will require scientific strategies and technology on both land and sea.
Overfishing
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
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Marine fish stocks and the ecosystems they inhabit are in decline in many parts of our ocean, including in some European waters, because of overfishing and the ecosystem effect of fishing in general. Simultaneously, climate change is disrupting the physics, chemistry and ecology of the ocean, with significant consequences on the life it holds. While the positive effects of mitigating climate change on the ocean and marine life are currently being documented, papers that examine how ending overfishing could increase ocean resilience to climate change are less common. The goal of this paper is to review the current literature and conduct an analysis that demonstrate that ending overfishing and reducing other negative ecosystem effects of fishing would make fish stocks and marine ecosystems more resilient to climate change. Our findings suggest that fish and fish stocks are no different from other living organisms and are more likely to survive external pressures when healthy.
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Marine ecosystem
Fish stock
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Extinctions on land are often inferred from sparse sightings over time, but this technique is ill-suited for wide-ranging species. We develop a space-for-time approach to track the spatial contraction and drivers of decline of sawfishes. These iconic and endangered shark-like rays were once found in warm, coastal waters of 90 nations and are now presumed extinct in more than half (n = 46). Using dynamic geography theory, we predict that sawfishes are gone from at least nine additional nations. Overfishing and habitat loss have reduced spatial occupancy, leading to local extinctions in 55 of the 90 nations, which equates to 58.7% of their historical distribution. Retention bans and habitat protections are urgently necessary to secure a future for sawfishes and similar species.
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Occupancy
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
Local extinction
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Fisheries science is concerned with the management and understanding of the raising and harvesting of fish. Fish stocks are assessed using biological and fisheries data with the goal of estimating either their total population or biomass. Stock assessment models also make it possible to predict how stocks will respond to varying levels of fishing pressure in the future. Such tools are essential with overfishing now reducing stocks and employment worldwide, with in turn many serious social, economic, and environmental implications. Increasingly, a state-space framework is being used in place of deterministic and standard parametric stock assessment models. These efforts have not only had considerable impact on fisheries management but have also advanced the supporting statistical theory and inference tools as well as the required software. An application of such techniques to the North Sea cod stock highlights what should be considered best practices for science-based fisheries management.
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Fish stock
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Stock assessment
Fisheries science
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Freshwater habitats occupy <1% of the Earth's surface, yet are hotspots that support ∼10% of all known species, and ∼⅓ of vertebrate species. Fresh waters also are hotspots for human activities that have led to widespread habitat degradation, pollution, flow regulation and water extraction, fisheries overexploitation, and alien species introductions. These impacts have caused severe declines in the range and abundance of many freshwater species, so that they are now far more imperiled than their marine or terrestrial counterparts. Here, we review progress in conservation of freshwater biodiversity, with a focus on the period since 1986, and outline key challenges for the future. Driven by rising conservation concerns, freshwater ecologists have conducted a great deal of research over the past 25 y on the status, trends, autecology, and propagation of imperiled species, threats to these species, the consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem functioning, metapopulation dynamics, biodiversity hotspots, reserve design, habitat restoration, communication with stakeholders, and weaknesses of protective legislation. Nevertheless, existing efforts might be insufficient to stem the ongoing and coming multitude of freshwater extinctions. We briefly discuss 4 important challenges for freshwater conservation. First, climate change will imperil both freshwater species and human uses of fresh water, driving engineering responses that will further threaten the freshwater biota. We need to anticipate both ecological and human responses to climate change, and to encourage rational and deliberate planning of engineering responses to climate change before disasters strike. Second, because freshwater extinctions are already well underway, freshwater conservationists must be prepared to act now to prevent further losses, even if our knowledge is incomplete, and engage more effectively with other stakeholders. Third, we need to bridge the gap between freshwater ecology and conservation biology. Fourth, we suggest that scientific societies and scholarly journals concerned with limnology or freshwater sciences need to improve their historically poor record in publishing important papers and influencing practice in conservation ecology. Failure to meet these challenges will lead to the extinction or impoverishment of the very subjects of our research.
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Environmental degradation
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Overfishing
Maximum sustainable yield
Sustainable yield
Ecosystem-Based Management
Fisheries science
Sustainable Management
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Overfishing
Marine ecosystem
Fish stock
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Abstract Lais fish ( Phalacronotus micronemus ) that lives in the Musi watershed is part of the diversity of biological resources, therefore its population needs to be maintained. the exploitation of lais fish due to high market demand and consumption levels that trigger overfishing by fishermen. Data and information regarding Lais stocks in the Musi Stream are not yet known. This research aims to analyze the Lais stock in the Musi Stream as a policy material for fisheries management. The research was carried out in March - July 2018, located in the Musi Stream, South Sumatra Province. Fish samples are the catches of fishermen using fishing gear commonly used in the form of nets and gill nets of various sizes. Various data were collected including length and weight as well as analysis length-weight relationship that obtained from the equation W = 0.0043L 3.01 , indicating growth pattern of Lais is isometric. Total mortality rate (Z) is 0.78, natural mortality (M) is 0.63, fishing mortality rate (F) is 0.15 and exploitation rate (E) is 0.19 per year.
Overfishing
Stream flow
Stock (firearms)
Consumption
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