Assimilation of high-resolution sea surface temperature data into an operational nowcast/forecast system around Japan using a multi-scale three-dimensional variational scheme
Yasumasa MiyazawaSergey M. VarlamovToru MiyamaXinyu GuoTsutomu HiharaKeiji KiyomatsuMisako KachiYukio KuriharaHiroshi Murakami
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A multi-scale three-dimensional variational (MS-3DVAR) scheme is developed to assimilate high-resolution Himawari-8 sea surface temperature (SST) data for the first time into an operational ocean nowcast/forecast system targeting the North Western Pacific, JCOPE2. MS-3DVAR improves representation of the Kuroshio path south of Japan, its associated sea level variations, and temperature/salinity profiles south of Japan, the Kuroshio/Oyashio mixed water region, and the Japan Sea as compared to those of the products by the traditional single-scale 3DVAR. Validation results demonstrate that MS-3DVAR well assimilates the sparsely distributed in situ temperature and salinity profiles data by spreading the information over the large scale and by representing the detailed information near the measurement points. MS-3DVAR succeeds to assimilate the Himawari-8 SST product without noisy features caused by the cloud effects. We also find that MS-3DVAR is more effective for estimating oceanic conditions in regions with smaller mesoscale variability including the mixed water region and Japan Sea than in south of Japan.Keywords:
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Mesoscale data assimilation systems are being run at a number of operational and research centres as the demand for accurate mesoscale forecasts increases. In this paper, a review of some major issues and common practices in mesoscale data assimilation are considered with an emphasis on operational applications. Attention is focussed on the generation of an adequate initial state using a variety of conventional and non-conventional data sources and techniques.
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The embryos and larvae of Babylonia areolata were incubated at temperature grades between 14-33?℃(salinity 34),and incubated at salinity grades between salinities of 18 and 40(temperature of 25.5-26.0?℃).The results showed that:(1) The ranges of suitable temperature and salinity for embryonic development were 23-31?℃ and 28-38 respectively,and the ranges of the optimum temperature and salinity were 25-30?℃ and 30-38.Within the suitable temperature or salinity,increasing temperature or salinity could make the development rate increase,and the effect of temperature was more obvious than that of salinity.Outside the range of suitable temperature or salinity,the hatching rate decreased or the percentage of abnormal larvae increased significantly.(2) The ranges of suitable and optimum temperature for larval growth were similar to those for embryonic development,while the lowest threshold of suitable and optimum salinity were 30 and 32 respectively and this indicated that larval B.areolata has less tolerance of reduced salinity than embryos.Outside the ranges of suitable temperature or salinity,the larval mortality increased significantly and the larval growth were inhibited.
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Brachionus
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The embryos and larvae of Babylonia areolata were incubated at temperature grades between 14-33℃(salinity 34),and incubated at salinity grades between salinities of 18 and 40(temperature of 25.5-26.0℃).The results showed that:(1) The ranges of suitable temperature and salinity for embryonic development were 23-31℃ and 28-38 respectively,and the ranges of the optimum temperature and salinity were 25-30℃ and 30-38.Within the suitable temperature or salinity,increasing temperature or salinity could make the development rate increase, and the effect of temperature was more obvious than that of salinity. Outside the range of suitable temperature or salinity, the hatching rate decreased or the percentage of abnormal larvae increased significantly. (2) The ranges of suitable and optimum temperature for larval growth were similar to those for embryonic development, while the lowest threshold of suitable and optimum salinity were 30 and 32 respectively and this indicated that larval B. areolata has less tolerance of reduced salinity than embryos. Outisde the ranges of suitable temperature or salinity, the larval mortality increased significantly and the larval growth were inhibited.
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This paper attends the problem of estimating salinity for a southeastern Mediterranean Sea. The main objective of the present study is the estimation of salinity profiles in the upper 500m from measurements of temperature profiles and surface salinity. 465 Temperature and salinity profiles were selected for this study, taken from expeditions carried out by research vessels Yakov Gakkov and Vladimir Parshin, of former Soviet Union during the period 1987-1990. The empirical relationship between salinity and temperature in southeastern Mediterranean Sea is quantified with the help of local regression. Differences in salinity's co-variability with temperature and with longitude, latitude and day of year from eastern to western part of the study area suggested that the region may be achieving more accurate salinity estimates. Eight methods were used for estimating salinity profiles in the present study. The results obtained from method 5 (Surface salinity added to fourth degree polynomial of temperature) were better than other methods for the upper 130m, while method 8 (longitude, latitude and day of year added to third degree polynomial of temperature) were better for the rest depths.
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The problems of mesoscale satellite data assimilation were examined. Assimilation of satellite data to improve the forecasts made by mesoscale forecast models was undertaken. Assimilation of high resolution satellite derived temperature data into a mesoscale model with horizontal resolution of 50 to 60 km is reported. Unlike global assimilation, in which a small portion of the forecast model domain is subject to data insertion at virtually every time step, the mesoscale assimilation virtually all of the forecast model domain is subject to data insertion at one time step. The mesoscale problem lends itself naturally to intermittent data assimilation and the forecast model is reinitialized whenever a new satellite pass covers its domain with data. The satellite data assimilation as an initialization problem are discussed.
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1. Investigations were undertaken to determine the maximal and minimal salinity and temperature values at which the adults and juveniles of Corophium triaenonyx survive, to study the effect of gradual changes, and also to observe the temperature and salinity ranges of natural populations in the environment.2. This amphipod tolerates wide ranges of salinity from 0.6‰ c to 59.8‰, which are the lower and upper lethal salinities respectively. Between 4‰ and 55‰ they live quite normally. Gradual increase or decrease in the salt content does not seem to have any effect on survival time. Animals in situ behaved in a similar way to those out of the tubes.3. C. triaenonyx can tolerate temperature ranges from 5° C to 40° C. Survival times increase when the animals are subjected to move gradual changes. When the temperature is raised by 1° C every 24 hours they could survive up to 46° C. When the temperature is raised by 1° C every one hour they died at 44° C. Animals within their tubes seem to be more tolerant.4. These amphipods tolerate lower salinities better at higher temperature, and lower temperatures better when the salinities are nearer normal values. Size and sex do not seem to have any influence on the survival time.
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