Anodization of sputtered substoichiometric aluminum oxide thin-films for improved nanorod array fabrication
Fabian PatrovskyVera FiehlerSusan DerenkoS. BarthHagen BartzschKatrin OrtsteinPeter FrachLukas M. Eng
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Optical sensing based on plasmonic nanorod arrays witnesses an increased interest for device applications due to a manifold of benefits of these structures, such as broadband optical tunability and low-cost bottom-up fabrication. Key to this success is the assembly of nanorod antenna arrays mediated through high-quality anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) matrices. The present work reports the greatly improved fabrication of thin-film AAO matrices based on aluminum thin-films deposited by magnetron sputtering under controlled argon/oxygen atmosphere, and investigates the influence of oxygen on the aluminum morphology and hence AAO pore formation upon anodization. Such optimized templates then subsequently allow the fast and reproducible fabrication of nanorod arrays with a nearly 100% pore-filling degree, which is favorable in plasmonic applications, with the plasmonic properties greatly benefiting from homogeneous distances between neighboring nanorods. For an optimal oxygen content of 10–22 at.%, we find the long-axis plasmon resonance peak to show the least optical losses, confirming the optimized nanostructure fabrication and performance.Keywords:
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Anodizing
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We have simulated the heating process of gold nanorods, elucidating a mechanism by which nanorods alter their aspect ratio at higher temperatures. We also studied the relative stabilities of nanorods by constructing nanorods with varying ratios of {110} to {100} exposed surfaces along the body of the nanorod. The least stable nanorod was found to be the nanorod with the largest {110} surfaces, followed by the nanorod with the largest {100} surfaces, while the nanorod with approximately equal surface areas of {100} and {110} surface was found to be the most stable. It was also found that the addition of surface disorder increased the stability of nanorods with large {110} surfaces, while paradoxically decreasing the stability of nanorods with large {100} surfaces. The reasons for this are elucidated and compared to experimental laser-induced gold nanorod transformation studies.
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Plasmonic Fano resonances (FRs) in nanostructures have been extensively studied in recent years. Nanorod-based complexes for FRs have also attracted much attention. The basic optical properties and fabrication technology of different kinds of plasmonic nanorods have been greatly developed over the last several years. The mutipole plasmon resonances and their flexible adjustment ranges on nanorods make them promising for FR modifications and structure diversity. In this paper, we review some recently studied plasmonic nanorod based nanostructures for FRs, including single nanorods, dimers, mutipole rods and nanorod–nanoparticle hybrids. The corresponding applications of the FRs are also briefly discussed.
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A chain of three silver nanorods with progressively decreasing sizes and separations is designed to focus the electric fields around the small nanorods. The optical properties of the chain of silver nanorods are investigated by the discrete dipole approximation method. The results show that, compared with the individual small nanorod and the chain of two nanorods, many enhanced electric fields are focused around the small nanorod of the chain of three nanorods due to the electric field couplings between adjacent nanorods. Therefore, the design of the chain of three nanorods provides a way to obtain stronger electric fields. In addition, how the structural parameters of the chain of three nanorods affect their optical properties is also studied.
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