Immunochemical study of hemolymphs from healthy and Varroa jacobsoni Oud, infested adult worker-bees (Apis mellifera L)
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Varroa jacobsoni
Varroa sensitive hygiene
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Recent surveys of honey bee colony mortality due to the external parasite Varroa jacobsoni (Oudemans) suggest that the virulence of this mite pest may be affected by climate or honey bee race. The latter possibility was tested by examining the effect of varroa infestation on colonies of Africanized and European bees in Brazil. Infestation of varroa on colonies of both bees was similar, but there were significant differences between percentages of mites that reproduced. In European bee colonies, 75% of infested brood cells had immature mites compared with only 49% of infested brood cells in colonies of Africanized bees. Decreased rate of varroa reproduction on Africanized honey bee worker brood is one factor contributing to reduction of virulence of varroa in Africanized bee colonies. The role of a second factor, length of honey bee pupal state, also is discussed. Honey bee race rather than differences in climate appears to play a crucial role in resistance to varroa.
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Varroa jacobsoni is an ectoparasite of Apis mellifera which invades brood cells, on 8-day-old larvae several hours before cell capping. Reproduction of the parasite takes place in the capped brood cells during the nymphose of the bee. Cuticular hydrocarbons of unparasitized bees and of bees parasitized by Varroa jacobsoni were extracted and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three developmental stages of worker honey bees were studied: larvae, pupae and emergent adults. The comparison between unparasitized and parasitized hosts was performed with Principal Components Analysis coupled with a multivariate variance analysis. The cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of honey bees were qualitatively similar, for the 3 developmental stages and regardless of the presence of Varroa in the cells. Nevertheless, comparison of the relative proportions of hydrocarbons showed that the cuticular profiles of pupae and emergent adults parasitized by 1 mite and of larvae parasitized by 2 mites were significantly different from the corresponding unparasitized individuals. Such modifications could be regarded (i) as a cause of the multi-infestation in larvae during invasion of brood and (ii) as a consequence of stress and/or removal of proteins contained in the haemolymph of the host during its development.
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