Production of high purity biodiesel through direct saponification of wet biomass of Chlorella protothecoides in a low cost microwave reactor: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies
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Saponification
Potassium hydroxide
Saponification value
In situ transesterification is a biodiesel production method that utilizes the original lipid-bearing agricultural products instead of purified oil as the source of triglycerides for direct transesterification. This method will eliminate the costly extraction process and reduce the long production system associated with pre-extracted oil and maximize alkyl ester yield. In this paper the production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by direct in situ alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of the triglycerides (TG) in jatropha seeds was investigated and its environmental performance was compared with the conventional alkali catalyzed transesterification process using LCA as a tool. In-situ transesterification process is technically offers the advantages of the production of non-toxic jatropha seed cakes. The seed cakes after in-situ transesterification is rich in protein and is a potential source of livestock feed. However, it still generates significantly higher environmental load since in-situ transestrification needs large amount of methanol and longer duration of process. A large amount of energy will be required in methanol recovery unit.
Jatropha curcas
Jatropha
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Determination of Saponification Value in Carnuba Wax by USP/NF Residual Titration Method <541>
Saponification value is defined as mg KOH needed to neutralize free acids and saponify esters in 1 g of the test substance. A search of the literature showed that the standard saponification methods of the U.S. Pharmacopeia, alcoholic potassium hydroxide were the only saponification reagent. The sample to investigate is saponified with an excess of ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution. After finished saponification the remaining excess of potassium hydroxide is determined by residual titration under Titrimetry , with aqueous volumetric hydrochloric acid. In this study, a test for saponification value has been successfully determined in carnuba wax. The average result has been found 90.9 mg KOH/g substance and, % RPD was 1.65%. This is in contradistinction to the U.S. Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/ NF) Method.
Saponification
Potassium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid
Saponification value
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
Phosphoric acid
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Phytosterol was extracted from crude Jatropha seed oil with solvent-extraction method. The optimal conditions were obtained by single-factor and orthogonal test. The results indicated that the significance of the effects of these factors on the phytosterol extraction efficiency decreased in the order:volume of ethanol solution of potassium hydroxide,saponification temperature,concentration of potassium hydroxide alcohol solution,saponification time. The optimal extraction condition:saponification temperature of 90 ℃,saponification time of 1 hour,15 mL of ethanol solution of potassium hydroxide,1.25 mol/L of potassium hydroxide alcohol solution. Under these conditions,the extraction rate of plant sterols is 121.3 mg/10g.
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Potassium hydroxide
Phytosterol
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A systematic study of microwave-assisted transesterification of castor oil was conducted in the presence of ethanol and of potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Effects of various reaction parameters such as reaction time, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and ethanol-oil molar ratio were analyzed. Ethyl esters were successfully produced by microwave-assisted transesterification. The maximum yield was 80.1% at 60°C, 10:1 alcohol: oil molar ratio, 1.5% potassium hydroxide and 10 min. The results show that there was a reduction in reaction time for microwave-assisted transesterification as compared to conventional heating, yields were slightly affected by temperature from 40-70ºC; this indicates a significant effect of microwaves even at low temperatures.
Potassium hydroxide
Molar ratio
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This article describes the methodology used to recover and reuse the catalyst used in the production of a synthetic liquid fuel obtained by the transesterification reaction of beef tallow with an alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide. The potassium hydroxide recovered from the transesterification reaction by-product in the form of KH2PO4 was converted into KCl and was subsequently used to produce a catalyst (KOCH3) used in the production of biodiesel. The recycled catalyst was successfully used in a transesterification reaction producing biodiesel and crude glycerol.
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Tallow
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Potassium hydroxide
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Coconut oil is one part of the coconut that is utilized as cooking oil. This study aims to determine the optimal condition of the saponification number of coconut oil obtained from variations in heating time. This research method is in the form of measuring the value of saponification number by acid-base titration and determining the optimum condition of saponification number of coconut oil based on variations in temperature and saponification heating time on coconut oil obtained from variations in extraction time of 10-15 minutes. The results showed that variations in saponification heating time and temperature caused differences in the saponification number of coconut oil. At 30 minutes of saponification heating at 50°C-70°C, the saponification number value of coconut oil is lower than at 60 minutes of saponification heating at 50°C-70°C. The lowest saponification number value occurs in coconut oil extracted for 10 minutes at 107.66 mg KOH/gram at 50°C saponification heating for 30 minutes and the highest saponification number value occurs in coconut oil extracted for 35 minutes at 230.528 mg KOH/g at 60°C saponification heating for 60 minutes. The best results were obtained at 60°C saponification heating for 60 minutes from all extracted oils and treatment types where the saponification number value was closer to the SNI value range of 180-265 mg KOH/gram. Keywords: coconut oil, saponification number, temperature, heating time Abstrak Minyak kelapa adalah salah satu bagian dari kelapa yang dimanfaatkan sebagai minyak goreng. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kondisi optimal nilai bilangan penyabunan minyak kelapa yang diperoleh dari variasi waktu pemanasan. Metode penelitian ini berupa pengukuran nilai bilangan penyabunan secara titrasi asam basa dan penentuan kondisi optimum bilangan penyabunan minyak kelapa berdasarkan variasi suhu dan waktu pemanasan penyabunan terhadap minyak kelapa yang diperoleh dari variasi waktu ekstraksi 10-15 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variasi waktu dan suhu pemanasan penyabunan menyebabkan terjadinya perbedaan nilai bilangan penyabunan minyak kelapa. Pada pemanasan penyabunan 30 menit suhu 50°C-70°C, nilai bilangan penyabunan minyak kelapa lebih rendah dari pada pemanasan penyabunan 60 menit suhu 50°C-70°C. Nilai bilangan penyabunan terendah terjadi pada minyak kelapa hasil ekstraksi selama 10 menit sebesar 107,66 mg KOH/gram pada pemanasan penyabunan 50°C selama 30 menit dan nilai bilangan penyabunan tertinggi terjadi pada minyak kelapa hasil ekstraksi selama 35 menit sebesar 230,528 mg KOH/g pada pemanasan penyabunan 60°C selama 60 menit. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada pemanasan penyabunan 60°C selama 60 menit dari semua minyak hasil ekstraksi dan jenis perlakuan dimana nilai bilangan penyabunannya lebih mendekati rentang nilai yang dipersyaratkan SNI sebesar 180-265 mg KOH/gram. Kata Kunci: minyak kelapa, bilangan penyabunan, suhu, waktu pemanasan
Saponification
Saponification value
Coconut oil
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W. I. Jones, H. McCombie and H. A. Scarborough, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1923, 123, 2688 DOI: 10.1039/CT9232302688
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Potassium hydroxide
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The saponification value of fats and oils is one of the most common quality indices, reflecting the mean molecular weight of the constituting triacylglycerols. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra of fats and oils display specific resonances for the protons from the structural patterns of the triacylglycerols (i.e., the glycerol backbone), methylene (-CH2-) groups, double bonds (-CH=CH-) and the terminal methyl (-CH3) group from the three fatty acyl chains. Consequently, chemometric equations based on the integral values of the 1H-NMR resonances allow for the calculation of the mean molecular weight of triacylglycerol species, leading to the determination of the number of moles of triacylglycerol species per 1 g of fat and eventually to the calculation of the saponification value (SV), expressed as mg KOH/g of fat. The algorithm was verified on a series of binary mixtures of tributyrin (TB) and vegetable oils (i.e., soybean and rapeseed oils) in various ratios, ensuring a wide range of SV. Compared to the conventional technique for SV determination (ISO 3657:2013) based on titration, the obtained 1H-NMR-based saponification values differed by a mean percent deviation of 3%, suggesting the new method is a convenient and rapid alternate approach. Moreover, compared to other reported methods of determining the SV from spectroscopic data, this method is not based on regression equations and, consequently, does not require calibration from a database, as the SV is computed directly and independently from the 1H-NMR spectrum of a given oil/fat sample.
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Saponification value
Methylene
Proton NMR
Tributyrin
Glyceride
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This study aims to determine the Acid Value (AV) and the Saponification Value (SV) of Wax ester for each reactor in section 110 and compare the values obtained with the PT X standard. The method used is alkalimetry to determine the acid value and acidimetry for the determination of the Saponification Value. The results obtained were Acid Value 0.92 ppm - 1.02 ppm which was following the PT X standard, max 1ppm. The Saponification Value the results obtained were 132 ppm - 142 ppm which was following the PT X standard, min 130 ppm. This indicates that the resulting wax ester can be used for the preparation of fatty alcohols in sections 111-113.
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Saponification value
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