Biomass Production and its Accumulation in Coleus forskohlii Briq.: Impact of Spacing and Time of Harvest
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A field experiment was carried out at Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Karnataka, for two years to study the influence of spacing and time of harvest on biomass production and its accumulation in Coleus forskohlii. Pooled analysis of yield data indicated that significantly higher total biomass (TBP) was produced when planted at a spacing of 60 cm x 20 cm (10.08 t ha-1) followed by 75 cm x 20 cm (9.92 t ha-1). There was increase in tuber biomass production with decrease in plant to plant spacing (1.04 t ha-1 at 60 cm x 30 cm and 1.57 t ha-1 at 60 cm x 20 cm). Shoot biomass accumulation was higher at 75 cm x 20 cm and 60 cm x 20 cm. Increase in biomass accumulation in tubers was not significant beyond 160 days after planting (DAP) (1.39 and 1.45 t ha-1 at 160 and 180 DAP, respectively). The total biomass production and its accumulation in the above ground portion and tubers were significantly higher in the treatment combinations, 60 cm x 20 cm at 180 DAP (11.15, 9.38 and 1.77 t ha-1, respectively) and also at 160 DAP (9.45, 7.72 and 1.73 t ha-1, respectively). Harvest index (HI) was found higher at closer spacing of 60 cm x 20 cm (0.121) and at 160 DAP (0.135). Interaction effects of spacing and time of harvest indicated that coleus cultivar K-8 may be planted at a spacing of 60 cm x 20 cm and harvested at 160 DAP to get higher tuber yield and harvest index.Keywords:
Coleus
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Field experiment conducted during kharif seasons of 2004 and 2005 at Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Karnataka revealed that closer planting (60 cm x 20 cm) of pashanbhedi recorded significantly higher gross (Rs 82,083/ha) and net returns (Rs. 56,822/ha), and B: C ratio (3.25) than wider spacing levels (60 cm x 30 cm, 75 cm x 20 cm and 45 cm x 30 cm). Among the time of harvest, harvesting the crop at 180 and 160 DAP recorded significantly higher B: C ratio (3.17 and 3.07, respectively), and gross (Rs.76,188 and 73,438/ha, respectively) and net returns (Rs. 52,279 and 49,609/ha, respectively) than 140 DAP. The interaction effects showed higher B: C ratio in the treatment combination 60 cm x 20 cm – harvesting at 180 DAP (3.67) and 60 cm x 20 cm –harvesting at 160 DAP (3.62). Thus, the spacing of 60 cm x 20 cm and harvesting pashanbhedi at 160 DAP can be recommended for higher returns under irrigated condition.
Kharif crop
Economic Analysis
Non-invasive ventilation
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The effect of seven spacing treatments on weeding regimes, tuber yield, stem and leaf biomasses of cassava (Manihot esculenta, L) was investigated at Akure in the rainforest zone of Nigeria. The seven spacing treatments were 100x100cm (10,000 plants), 90x70cm (15,000 plants/hectare), 100cmx50cm (20,000 plants/ha), 70x50cm (28,600 plants/ha), 80x50cm (25,000 plants/ha), 65x50cm (30,500 plants/ha), 65x50cm (30,500 plants/ha) and 50x50cm (40,000 plants/ha) with four replications, arranged in a randomized complete design (RCB). A spacing treatment of 100cmx100cm which was conventionally used by farmers served as the control treatment. The results showed that these spacing treatments significantly (P<0.05) influenced the cassava growth parameters, tuber yield, stem and leaf biomasses and weeding regimes. For the growth parameters, 100x100cm spacing treatment had the highest values of plant height, stem girth and leaf area followed by 100x50cm and 70x50cm. 100x100cm spacing increased the plant height, leaf area and stem girth by 13%, 4.5% and 12% compared to that of 100x50cm spacing. For tuber yield, stem and leaf biomasses of cassava, 100x100cm spacing had second best value for tuber yield and least value of leaf biomass with the highest weeding regime (four times) compared to others. 90x70cm spacing ranked third in term of tuber yield, tuber diameter and population while 100x50cm spacing had the highest tuber weight (57.7t/ha) and second best tuber diameter compared to others. 80x50cm 70x50cm spacing ranked fourth and fifth in terms of tuber weight and diameter performance respectively. Generally, 100x50cm spacing had good and balanced potentials for cassava root tubers, leaf and stem biomasses. Both 65x50cm and 50x50cm spacing had the least tuber yield performance but had good potentials for stem and leaf biomasses and reduced cost of weeding by 50% compared to 100x100cm. The 50x50cm spacing treatment had the highest gross income, net income gain and BC ratio of 6.343 with the highest contributions from sales of cassava stem cuttings and huge leaf biomass compared to BC 2.92 in 100x100cm spacing treatments respectively. In these experiments, 100cmx50cm, spacing was recommended for tuber yield while 50x50 cm spacing was recommended for leaf and
Hectare
Manihot esculenta
Plant stem
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An experiment was conducted during July-December 2001 at the Agronomy field laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to study the effect of nitrogen levels and plant spacing on the yield and yield contributing characters of transplant Aman rice (var. BRRI Dhan 31). Five levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg N/ha) and three spacings (25 cm x 20 cm, 25 cm x 15 cm, 25 cm x 10 cm) were included as treatment variables. A gradual increase in panicle length (24.50 cm), grains/panicle 110) and grain yield (4.91 t/ha) were observed with the increase in nitrogen levels upto 150 kg/ha and declined thereafter. Thousand-grain weight was not significantly influenced by application of different levels of nitrogen. The maximum grain yield (4.22 t/ha) was observed at the spacing 25 cm x 10 cm closely followed by 25 cm x 15 cm (4.21 t/ha). Wider spacing (25 cm x 10 cm) produced the tallest plant (108.38 cm), but significantly highest tllers/hill (8.06) and grains/panicle was recorded from (25 cm x 20 cm). Plant spacing had also no significant effect on 1000-grain weight. The interaction effects of nitrogen and plant spacing was significant in panicle length, grains/panicle, and grain yield. The higher grain yield (5.00 t/ha) was recorded from the treatment combination of 150 kg N/ha with 25 cm x 15 cm spacing, but statistically identical to same N dose with other two spacings. Response of grain yield to added N was quadratic. The optimum doses were found to be 132 kg N/ha for 25 cm x 20 cm, 119 kg N/ha for 25 cm, and 177 kg N/ha for 25 cm x 10 cm spacing, yielding 4.38, 4.63 and 4.75 t/ha, respectively. Key Words: Nitrogen; plant spacing; aman rice. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i2.5801Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(2): 279-285, June 2009
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Two field experiments were carried out during the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 dry cropping seasons of October–March to investigate the effects of 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha NPK 15:15:15 and crop spacings on the growth and yield of onion plant ( Allium cepa L.). The experiment was a factorial combination of three spacings 15 x 20 cm, 20 cm x 20 cm and 25 cm x 25 cm; and four levels of NPK 15:15:15 inorganic fertilizer at 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha NPK laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Each replicate had 12 plots for a total of 36 plots. Data was collected on growth and yield characters and analysed. Results of this study indicated that the spacings of 25 cm x 25 cm and 20 cm x 20 cm were statistically similar and enhanced the growth and yield of onion in terms of leaf length, individual bulb and shoot weight of onion better than 15 cm x 20 cm. However, bulb and shoot yield were significantly higher with closer spacing of 15 cm x 20 cm and 20 cm x 20 cm. Application of 80 kg/ha of NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer significantly increased the leaf length, bulb, and shoot yield above the other treatments. Therefore, for optimum yield of onion production in Edo ecology and convenience in planting application of 80 kg/ha of NPK 15:15:15 with 20 cm x 20 cm spacing is recommended. Keywords: onion, fertilizers, chlorophyll content, crop growth rate, yield
Bulb
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A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2012 at Karnal, Haryana to evaluate the effect of 6 planting geometry viz. 40 cm × 15 cm, 40 cm × 20 cm, 50 cm × 15 cm, 50 cm × 20 cm, 60 cm × 15 cm and 60 cm × 20 cm and 4 levels of nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha) on dual purpose baby corn (Zea mays L.). The plant height, leaf area index (LAI), baby corn yield (1.88 t/ha), total green fodder yield (30.8 t/ha) as well as dry fodder yield (6.52 t/ha) were higher in 50 cm × 15 cm planting geometry than all other planting geometry, however, plant girth and fresh weight per plant were significantly higher in 60 cm × 20 cm planting geometry. Net returns ( 162.4 × 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.31) were higher in 50 cm × 15 cm geometry than all other planting geometry. Most of the growth and yield attributes of baby corn were significantly improved by nitrogen application up to 120 kg N/ha. However, green (32.3 t/ha) as well as dry fodder yield (6.66 t/ha) increased significantly with increase in the level of nitrogen application up to 180 kg/ha. Highest net returns ( 155.9 × 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.21) were recorded with the application of 180 kg N/ha.
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A field experiment was conducted at Annigeri (Karnataka) during rabi 2004–05 and 2005–06 to study the effect of 4 spacings (15 cm × 5 cm, 15 cm × 10 cm, 30 cm × 10 cm and 45 cm × 10 cm) and 4 N-P fertilizer levels (control, 12–10.6, 18–15.9 and 24–21.2 kg/ha) on performance of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal). The results indicated that dry root yield, nutrient uptake and total withanolide content were significantly higher at a spacing of 15 cm × 10 cm when compared with other spacings. At 15 cm × 10 cm spacing, the increase in dry root yield was 10.2, 54.9 and 107.4% over 15 cm × 5 cm, 30 cm × 10 cm and 45 cm × 10 cm respectively. Significant increase in dry root yield, nutrient uptake and total withanolide content was noticed with increase in fertilizer levels from control to 24–21.2 kg N-P/ha. Application of 24–21.2 and 18–15.9 kg N-P/ha, being comparable recorded significantly higher dry root yield, N and P uptake and total withanolide content than control and 12–10.6 kg N-P/ha. At 24–21.2 kg N-P/ha, the increase in dry root yield, N, P uptake and total withanolide content was 22.1, 51.5, 43.6 and 13.5% over control respectively. Further, there was remarkable improvement in root length, root diameter and dry root weight of ashwagandha which resulted in increase in dry root yield. Maximum dry root yield (1.55 t/ha), net returns (Rs 50,141/ha) and total withanolide content (0.62%) accrued when the crop was sown at 15 cm × 10 cm spacing along with fertilizer doze of 24–21.2 kg N-P/ha. Consequently, a spacing of 15 cm × 10 cm spacing along with fertilizer application of 24–21.2 kg N-P/ha was found optimum for ashwagandha in vertisols of Northern dry zone of Karnataka.
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Withanolide
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Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of plant spacing and rate of swine manure application on the growth, yield, nutrient concentration, uptake and proximate composition of muskmelon (Cucumis melo). The experiments were laid out as a 3×4 factorial fitted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The treatments consisted of four rates of swine manure (0 t ha-1, 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1 and 15 t ha-1) and three crop spacing (50 × 50 cm, 75 × 75 cm, 100 × 100 cm). The results showed that spacing had no significant effect on the number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter and number of branches, but substantially increased the vine length at 100 × 100 cm. Number of flowers and fruit weight per plant increased with raw spacing, while the number of fruits per plot and fruit yield (t ha-1) increased with a decrease in plant spacing, whereas the narrowest spacing of 50 × 50 cm produced the significantly highest fruit yield (25.47 t ha-1). The concentrations of P, Ca, Mg and Fe (4.28, 6.81, 4.55 and 0.80 mg kg-1) were the highest at 100 × 100 cm spacing compared to other treatments. However, N concentration (1.18) and uptake of N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Na was highest at spacing of 75 × 75 cm and at 10 t ha-1 swine manure rate. The effect of spacing on proximate composition of muskmelon did not follow a particular pattern; however, wider spacing of 75 × 75 cm and 100 × 100 cm at 10 t ha-1 favoured most of the proximate composition compared to the narrowest spacing of 50 × 50 cm and other manure rates. Although there was no significant difference in fruit yields of 10 and 15 t ha-1, application of 15 t ha-1, swine manure out-yielded 10 t ha-1, by 8.55%.
Cucumis
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The present investigation was undertaken to assess the impact of plant density on different vegetative and economic yield of medicinal Coleus. A field experiment was designed in randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The study consisted of five levels of spacing (T1 = 30 cm × 30 cm; T2 =45 cm× 30 cm; T3= 30 cm × 45 cm; T4= 45 cm × 45 cm and T5= 60 cm × 45 cm). All traits pertinent to vegetative growth and herbage yield were significantly influenced by different plant densities. Gradual increase in all parameters with increased spacings were observed except tuber yield per plot and oil yield per plot. The maximum plant height (62.36 cm), spike length (33.51 cm) and leaf area (436 cm2) were recorded at 1,11,111 plants per ha (30 cm × 30 cm spacing) and minimum at 37,037 plants per ha, 60 cm × 45 cm spacing (44.10 cm; 25.95 cm and 264 cm²) respectively. The maximum tuber yield (24.37 q/ha), and essential oil yield (3.03 l/ha) were recorded in 1,11,111 plants/ha and minimum at 37,037 plants/ha (9.78 q/ha and 1.67 l/ha) respectively. However, marketable tuber diameter (12.61 cm) and oil yield (0.143%) were found better in spacing 60 cm × 45 cm compared to T3 (11.03 cm; 0.122%) and T4 (11.70 cm; 128%).
Coleus
Vegetative reproduction
Plant Density
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A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three rows spacing, four levels of N and P2O5 fertilizer rates and their interaction on growth parameters, yield and yield components of tef during meher cropping season of 2015 at the research farm of Ambo University. Treatments were: three level of row spacing viz. 10cm, 20cm and 30cm and four levels of N and P2O5 fertilizer rates (50/50, 60/60, 70/70 and 80/80kg of N/P2O5 ha−1) with application of DAP as basal dose and Urea after 21 days of sowing. Highest growth parameters recorded were 10.9 for effective tillers for 80/80 kg N/P2O5 ha−1 with 10cm row spacing, 111cm in plant height, 37cm in panicle length at 50% flowering, 45cm in panicle length at 90% maturity for 80/80 kg N/P2O5 ha−1 with 20cm row spacing plant−1 respectively. Highest yield and yield components recorded were 3766.7 kg ha−1, 7350 kg ha−1, 11166.7 kg ha−1 and 34% in treatment of 80/80 kg N/P2O5 ha−1 with 10cm row spacing for grain yield, straw yield, biomass yield and harvest index respectively. Yield components were affected significantly by treatments with highest results observed in their interaction effects, where increments were 41.7% kg ha−1, 113.21% kg ha−1, 35.28% kgha−1 and 55.45% kg ha−1 for grain harvest index, yield, straw yield and biomass yield respectively from 80/80kg of N/P2O5 with 10cm spacing. Economic partial budget analysis shows that with 80/80 kg of N/P2O5 ha−1 fertilizer rate at 10cm row spacing resulted in maximum relative net return of ETB 50178ha−1 followed by ETB 48017 ha−1 for 70/70 kg of N/P2O5 ha−1 and ETB 38121 ha−1for 60/60 kgN/P2O5 ha−1.
Eragrostis
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A field experiment was conducted in factorial RBD at college farm NAU, Navsari. during summer seasons of 2017 to study the response of summer sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) to spacing (45 x 15 cm, 45 x 20 cm, 60 x 10 cm and 60 x 15 cm as S1, S2, S3 and S4, respectively) and nitrogen levels (120, 80 and 40 kg/ha as N1, N2 and N3, respectively). The crop sown at spacing 60 x 15 cm (S4) recorded significantly higher values for growth attributes (plant height, number of internodes and dry matter per plants) as compared to other spacing treatments but remained at par with 45 x 20 cm (S2) spacing. While the spacing 60 x 10 cm (S3) spacing recorded higher grain and fodder yield, this remained at par with 45 x 15 cm (S1) spacing. Application of 120 kg N/ha (N3) recorded significantly higher growth attributes and yield in comparison with 80 and 40 kg N/ha, while remained at par with 80 kg N/ha (N2).
Sorghum bicolor
Fodder
Plant stem
Sweet sorghum
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