The Effect of Triconic Nose Profiles on Kinetic Energy Penetration Into Concrete Targets
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The efficiency of kinetic energy penetrators into concrete structures and targets is becoming an ever increasing area of interest as weapons are required to penetrate deeper into targets for similar impact conditions and masses. Nose shape and profile are two of the areas that can be changed to increase performance without affecting mass. Many papers have been published regarding nose shape but most have focused on ogival profiles. This paper looks at a triconic nose shape and the effect of the location of the conic intersections of the profile on penetration performance. This paper describes the penetration performance of projectiles with a normal impact velocity of 300m.s-1 using empirical formulae, analytical modelling and ballistic gas-gun experiments performed at the University of Cambridge.Keywords:
Penetration (warfare)
Ballistics
Conic section
Impact energy
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The problem of an ogival nose rigid projectile penetrating into a thick target has been considered in this paper based on a semi-theoretical model in order to determine the velocity potential and the velocity field in the target. The nose shape is simplified as a semi-Rankine ovoid similar to that of real long rod projectiles, and the details in nose shape does not significantly influence the penetration depth and the residual velocity in the case of thick targets. A code was compiled based on the analysis of velocity and stress fields in targets, and used to calculate penetration and perforation of an ogival nose steel projectile into thick aluminum targets. A good agreement in residual velocity and penetration depth between the calculation and the experiments is achieved without any adjustment in material property parameters.
Penetration (warfare)
Ballistic limit
Ballistics
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In this paper the penetration depth of long-rod electromagnetic projectiles on semi-infinite targets are studied with numerical approach. And the role of nose profile was studied. The results obtained from this investigation were compared with the recent studies. For the targets and projectile were considered to be made of soft metals. All the results were compared with two analytical models: Tate and Vahedi. These two models don't consider the role of nose profile. The target is constrained to have no movement and the projectile doesn't pass through the target. The impact velocity of the projectile was considered as a variable and the results were compared together and they were in good agreement with other studies in this field.
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Based on the cavity expansion theory, an analysis model of normal penetration of slender nose projectile into armor targets was established, and the variation relation curve of penetration depth and initial velocity when initial velocity is below ballistic limit was obtained. By carrying out ballistic impact test using 85mm smoothbore gun, various projectile nose shapes and armor target thickness and their effect on damage were considered. The research results have indicated that the damage of target is mainly ductile reaming and the shape of crater is almost the same as the projectile nose embedded in the target. Within a relatively low velocity range, nose shape has a greater influence on penetration depth. In contrast, within a relatively high velocity range, the target thickness has a greater influence on penetration depth. It can provide theoretical basis for the design of projectile noses and analysis of anti-penetration performance of armor targets.
Armour
Penetration (warfare)
Ballistic limit
Ballistics
Ballistic Impact
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Based on the dynamic spherical cavity-expansion theory and the two-stage penetration model consisting of cratering and tunneling,a dimensionless formula was proposed for normal penetration depth of rigid projectiles into concrete and rock targets by taking a truncated-ogive nose projectile as an example.In the proposed formula,the surface integration method was applied,and the mass ratio and the impact factor were introduced,as well as the dimensionless coefficients denoting the projectile nose geometry and the projectile-target friction effect,to consider the variation of projectile nose geometry,cratering depth,and tangential resistance on projectiles.And the proposed formula can be regressed to the classic penetration formulae in special cases.The proposed formula was validated by comparing the penetration depths predicted by the proposed formula with those predicted by the existing ten classic empirical and semi-empirical formulae as well as the experimental data from eight field shot tests of concrete and rock targets hit by projectiles with different nose geometries.Based on the tests and parametric analyses,the corresponding parameter values were recommended aiming to different nose projectiles,including the dynamic projectile-target frictional coefficient of concrete and rock targets,as well as the linear coefficient of cratering depth related to the impact factor.
Dimensionless quantity
Penetration (warfare)
Penetration test
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Based on the new structure earth penetrating warhead (EPW) validated by MBDA, the new nose shape projectiles with multi-teeth shape were established in this paper. Numerical simulations were conducted on the penetration capability of projectiles with tooth and those with general nose shape penetrating into concrete. The effects of tooth nose shape parameters tooth height(TH) and nose pole diameter(D) on penetration capability of projectiles is discussed. The approaches were brought forward for enhancement of penetration of EPW with tooth nose shape by increasing TH and decreasing D under a certain extension, and achieved a reasonable combination.
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Penetration experiments were conducted for several typical cylindrical-nose-tip projectiles (CNTP) into concrete targets with the compressive strengths of 9.0,28.4 MPa. The penetration mechanism was elementarily obtained by observing the recovered projectiles and the post-test targets. Thereby,a dimensionless parameter S2 was proposed to describe the target strength degradation and a parameter bt was brought forward to picture the cylindrical penetration pore radius. And then,the two parameters were introduced into the penetration formula by Forrestal et al to develop a new theoretical model for the penetration of CNTP into concrete. For the 28.4-MPa-strength concrete,the theoretical predictions by the new model agree well with the experimental data. For the 9.0-MPa-strength concrete,the theoretical predictions do not accord well with the experimental data but can still reflect the penetration mechanism of CNTP. Finally,two approaches were put forward for the penetration improvement of CNTP by decreasing S2 and increasing bt.
Penetration (warfare)
Dimensionless quantity
Penetration test
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Based on the theoretical resistance function from dynamic spherical cavity expansion model and the two-stage penetration model consisting of cratering and tunneling,a formula is proposed for normal penetration depth of rigid projectiles into concrete targets. In the proposed formula,the surface integration method is applied,and the dimensionless coefficients denoting the projectile nose geometry are introduced to consider the variation of projectile nose geometry and the cratering depth. A prediction model for the deceleration-time history of the projectile with different nose geometries is obtained. And the proposed formula for penetration depth can be regressed to the acknowledged formulas in special cases. The proposed formulas for both penetration depth and deceleration-time curve are validated by comparing the terminal ballistic predicted by the proposed models with those obtained by the exist semi-empirical formula as well as the experimental penetration depth data from seven shot tests of concrete impacted by projectiles with different nose geometries and the experimental deceleration-time curves from four shot tests.
Dimensionless quantity
Penetration (warfare)
Ballistic limit
Ballistics
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