Dose Response and Exposure Assessment of Household Hazardous Waste
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This study was conducted to assess the risk of health hazards to employees working in local authorities in Malaysia especially workforce involved in waste management. Therefore, the four steps process of Health Risk Assessment has been identified, which include hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose response assessment and risk characterization. It was estimated approximately 22,388 tons of wastes generated every year in Malaysia and around 2.2 % out of that amount were consisting of hazardous household waste (HHW) with mean average generation for each person per day was around 0.02 kg. The waste generation is expected to increase 2 to 3 % per year and estimated to reach approximately 31 million of tones per day in the year 2020. In this study, the household hazardous wastes (HHW) were analyzed for their permissible dose level and the existing hazard level, hazard index and cancer index. Cancer Index for dermal exposure is found to be 5.8 × 10–7 mg/m3, for Inhalation dust 1.4× ×10–1 mg/m3, which falls under Low Risk and for Inhalation aerosol is 5 × ×10–2 mg/m3, under Medium Risk. Extra care must be taken for the management of HHW as if it is improperly managed, it will fall into High Risk.Keywords:
Exposure Assessment
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These documents are compiled as the Guidelines for Disposal of Solid Wastes and Hazardous Wastes: (1) Hazardous Waste Management System: General; (2) Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes; (3) A Summary of Hazardous Substance Classification Systems; (4) Hazardous Waste Manifest System and Related Standards for Generators, Transporters and Facilities; (5) Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility Permitting Requirements.
Household hazardous waste
Inert waste
Listing (finance)
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In January 2019, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES) published an opinion on risks related to the presence of hazardous chemicals in infant diapers. ANSES found that health reference values were largely exceeded for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins (PCCD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (DL-PCBs). The levels of formaldehyde and of some fragrances were also considered potentially unsafe. Therefore, ANSES concluded that actions have to be taken to restrict levels of these contaminants in diapers. Under the exposure scenario deemed the most reliable by ANSES, estimates of cancer risks of the most potent PAHs detected in diapers exceeded 10-3 and hazard quotients for neurobehavioral effects attained values up to 66. Regarding dioxins and DL-PCBs, ANSES derived a hazard quotient of 12 for the risk of decreased sperm count at adult age. The aim of this critical review was to examine whether the exposure and risk assessment conducted by ANSES contained potential flaws that could explain such a high exceedance of health reference values. The review will also put into perspective the exposure from diapers with that from breast milk whose benefits for child’s health are undisputable despite contamination by PAHs, dioxins and DL-PCBS.
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Abstract The assessment and cleanup of hazardous waste sites has become a growth industry. Unlike traditional factory employment, chemical exposures on wastes sites are likely to involve uncharacterized mixtures. Medical surveillance of hazardous waste workers has become a major preventive strategy. To evaluate the effectiveness of the traditional laboratory tests employed in most surveillance programs, we compared test results in two groups of hazardous waste workers (409 males, 68 females) with responsibilities for the assessment and management of waste sites. We stratified employees into a group with a high potential for exposure (“exposed”) and a group with a low potential for exposure (“unexposed”). Fifty‐five clinical chemistry, hematologic, and urinalysis variables were contrasted using an analysis of variance. The only consistently significant difference was a low mean corpuscular volume in the “exposed” group. The lack of other significant findings suggests that either the true exposure status of individuals was not reflected in our classification or that the traditional tests were inappropriate or insensitive. We conclude that it is essential to evaluate surveillance results carefully and to develop protocols that are appropriate to the actual exposures encountered in hazardous waste work.
Personal Protective Equipment
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Household hazardous waste
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Abstract: After the identification of the hazardous intrinsic properties of a carcinogen an attempt is made to estimate, if possible, the potency of the carcinogenic effect. For the evaluation it is, furthermore, of interest to know the genotoxic properties of the chemical. The next step would be to try to estimate the potential exposure for people in different environments. This could be intake from use of it as an additive in food or occurrence as a contaminant in food, drinking water, soil or air. The air exposure might come from contaminants in the working environment, in‐door air or ambient air. The outcome of the hazard and exposure assessments would not be the only factors in a risk assessment or suggested limit values. Other factors might be the political‐administrative background coming from different legal systems, even in the same country, which might apply different safety ambitions. This might result in the application of different risk levels (1:1 million, 1:10 million) or different safety factors, if that approach is used for non‐genotoxic animal carcinogens.
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Serious accidents of hazardous chemicals can cause a variety of acute or chronic impairment in human health. The effects of hazardous chemicals on human health can be identified by carrying on population exposure assessment. Through analyzing the domestic and overseas population exposure assessment cases related to hazardous chemicals accidents, we summarized that the base and key of the population exposure assessment were to identify the characteristics of the chemicals , delimit the area and the population exposed to the chemicals, and collect the data of the monitored chemicals and the population health in the polluted area.
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It is anticipated that 25 to 50 on site hazardous waste incinerators with energy recovery systems will be installed at chemical plants by 1990. Properly designed systems will give the owners several benefits: Elimination of hazardous wastes in compliance with RCRA guidelines; Complete control of hazardous waste disposal (do not have to rely on outside vendors); New source of fuel for plant's energy requirements; Attractive return on capital.
Household hazardous waste
Energy Recovery
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Abstract Hazardous wastes refer to wastes with hazardous characteristics that are included in the national hazardous waste list or identified in accordance with the hazardous waste identification standards and identification methods prescribed by the state. Hazardous waste disposal methods are relatively mature including incineration treatment technology, plasma treatment technology, microwave treatment technology, pyrolysis vaporization, high temperature cooking, chemical method and landfill, etc. The final disposal achieves the effects of detoxification, reduction and stabilization.
Household hazardous waste
waste disposal
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Background: Despite children's unique characteristics that distinguish them from adults, relatively few attempts have been made to measure exposure factors for characterization of children's exposure to hazardous chemicals in child-specific products (CSP). This study was conducted to establish the child-specific exposure factors for exposure and risk assessment of hazardous substances in CSP. Methods: We investigated the exposure factors (e.g., time use of child-products, time and frequency of object-to-body contact, time and frequency of object-to-mouth contact) influencing children's exposure to CSP (e.g., toys, playmats, oil pastels, etc.) in 650 children through a parent-completed questionnaire using a web-based survey. Participants were recruited in five age groups, <1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-6, and 6-12 years of age. Results: The child-specific exposure factors were presented as the mean, median, $95^{th}$ percentile, minimum, and maximum values. Time activity for play mats was the longest among CSP and infants spent more time on them than did elder age groups (189.3-224.7 min/day for <1-2 years vs. 91.2 min/day for 6-12 years). It is apparent that time and frequency of toy block- and plastic toy-to-mouth contact significantly decreased as a function of age. When the variation of CSP use patterns was compared by gender, the only variable that was statistically different between genders was time activity in child-products exposure space. Conclusion: We believe the five child-specific exposure factors suggested in the present study will be valuable for reducing uncertainty in the estimation of chemical exposure during risk assessment of CSP and furthermore, in the appropriate regulations to protect children's health.
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In January 2019, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES) published an opinion on risks related to the presence of hazardous chemicals in infant diapers. ANSES found that health reference values were largely exceeded for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins (PCCD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (DL-PCBs). The levels of formaldehyde and some fragrances were also considered potentially unsafe. Therefore, ANSES concluded that actions have to be taken to restrict levels of these contaminants in diapers. Under the exposure scenario deemed the most reliable by ANSES, estimates of cancer risks of the most potent PAHs detected in diapers exceeded 10
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