Electrostatic Elimination of Fine Smoke Particles by a Newly Devised Air Purification Screen
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The most used fire effect models on evacuees are only focused on the physical capacity of the evacuees. However, some of the evacuees in a fire situation continuously move through the familiar route, although the familiar route is smoke-filled and they know that they are moving towards the fire source. Thus, the additional evacuation models are required for considering the behavioral changes due to the psychological pressure when the evacuees are moving through the smoke or towards the fire source. In this study, the inner smoke region force is modified to improve the accuracy and practicality of the BR-smoke model by varying the walking speed according to the smoke density. Additionally, the BR-smoke model is applied to FDS+Evac to compare the simulation results of the modified BR-smoke model with those of existing models. Based on the results, the evacuation characteristics inside the smoke region can be improved by using the modified BR-smoke model because the evacuees are continuously influenced by the modified inner smoke force inside the smoke region. However, additional studies for determining more reliable evacuee psychological factors are required to improve the reality of the modified BR-smoke model.
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A fire in a clean room may cause a serious loss by spreading smoke particles. The effects of the width of smoke curtains on delay in smoke spread, which is located the work area boundaries, were investigated by using a computational fluid dynamics, for loss prevention by smoke spreading from one fire area to another. The fire scenario was set to a 1 MW methanol fire in a space of floor and 4 m high. Distributions of temperature and smoke particles were compared for the width of the smoke curtains 0 (without smoke curtains), 1, 2, 3m. It was confirmed that a larger width of the smoke curtain delays spread of smoke more, and that making the work areas compartments is necessary to confine the smoke in the fire area.
Fire Dynamics Simulator
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The numerical simulation has been used to analyze the influence of smoke control and extraction induced by arrangement methods of smoke vent,storey heights,smoke exhaust rates and smoke retaining screen.The results show that different arrangement methods of smoke vent have great influence on smoke exhaust effect; compared with the method that set smoke vent on the side wall of the corridor when smoke vent is set on the top of the corridor,the efficiency of mechanical smoke exhaust is higher,and has a low risk in the corridor; storey heights have the very obvious influence on smoke filling while the lower story height and the greater the risk; different smoke exhaust rates have great influence on smoke exhaust effect; the risk in the corridor at downstream of smoke retaining screen could be reduced,by setting smoke retaining screen in the corridor in high-rise buildings.
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Ceiling (cloud)
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Abstract This study examines smoke spread in an underground mall fire under the composite smoke control mode of a smoke barrier and a mechanical smoke exhaust system. The objective is to optimize the selection of smoke containment and exhaust methods in an underground mall in Fuxin City, China. A Fire Dynamics Simulator was used for numerical simulation to investigate the effects of the sagging height and spacing of smoke barriers on smoke containment, as well as the effects of size, number, and arrangement of smoke vents in the mechanical smoke exhaust system on the effectiveness of smoke exhaust. The results indicated that a smoke barrier with a sagging height of 1 m and a spacing of 5 m was effective in preventing the spread of high-temperature smoke. When the sagging height of the smoke barrier increased to 1.2 m, the smoke barrier effect was comparable to that of a 1 m height barrier. Regarding the mechanical smoke exhaust system, the size of the opening area of the smoke vent had no significant effect on the smoke exhaust effect. The best smoke exhaust effect was achieved when the number of smoke vents was 12. Additionally, the double-row setting of smoke vents was more efficient than the single-row setting. Combining a smoke barrier and a mechanical smoke exhaust system can provide a more effective smoke control compared to either system alone. Comprehensively, considering the effectiveness and economy of smoke containment and exhaust, the optimal combination of smoke containment and exhaust was determined to be a smoke barrier with a sagging height of 1 m and spacing of 5 m, and a mechanical smoke exhaust system with 12 smoke vents in a double-row arrangement.
Containment (computer programming)
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Building corridor is the only way to pass in fire evacuation, at the same time, it is the main way for smoke to spread. A numerical simulation of the fire smoke flow in the typical room-corridor model is presented. The influence of smoke-proof pendant wall on fire smoke flow is obtained. The results shown that smoke-proof pendant wall can effectively prevent the spread of the smoke, and improve the efficiency of the smoke ejection of the fire area; the higher drooping height of the smoke-proof pendant is, the better smoke ejection effect you will get, on the premise of the safe evacuation, it should try to increase the drooping height of the smoke-proof pendant. When using the smoke-proof pendant to divide smoke zone, we should set smoke exhaust outlets in the central of the smoke zone.
Proof of concept
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Smoke has usually been measured in the NBS smoke chamber. Such results cannot be correlated with full scale fire results and do not predict fire hazard. Rate of heat release (RHR) calorimeters (e.g. NBS Cone (Cone) and Ohio State University (OSU)) can be used to determine the best properties associated with fire hazard, as well as smoke. Results from the Cone RHR correlate with full-scale fire results. The best way to determine the fire hazard associated with smoke, for materials which do not burn up completely in a fire, is by using RHR to measure combined smoke and heat release variables, such as smoke parameter or smoke factor. This work measured smoke and heat released from burning 17 materials, in the Cone and OSU and smoke in the NBS smoke chamber. Results from the RHR calorimeters correlate well with each other while those from the smoke chamber do not. This suggests that the smoke parameter and smoke factor, from either RHR calorimeter, are excellent measures of smoke hazard.
Cone calorimeter
Fire hazard
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Ceiling (cloud)
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The mechanical and burning property of MDF which added the fire retardant and smoke suppression were tested with Mechanical machine, Limit Oxygen Index and Smoke testing apparatus. The result show that: the fire retardant and smoke suppression can weaken the mechanical property of MDF. Every 2% increment of fire retardant and smoke suppression coupled with 2%～12% inducement of mechanical strength of MDF; The fire retardant addition can reinforce the fire-retardancy property and lowed the smoke generation of MDF, every 2% increment of fire retardant coupled with 2%～7% increment of Limit Oxygen Index and 9%～29% inducement of smoke generation.The effect of smoke suppress of MDF is promoted with the smoke suppression increment, every 2% increment of smoke suppression coupled with 5%～15% inducement of smoke generation.
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In high-rise building fires,smoke has great threat to people's life security in the building. So,it is very important to control the diffusion of smoke in the building. Mathematic model of smoke flow in high-rise building and three-dimension turbulence model with two equations were used to simulate the efficiencies of mechanical smoke exhaust on different arrangement methods of smoke vent. The results showed that different arrangement methods of smoke vent have great influence on smoke exhaust effect. Compared with the method that set smoke vent on the side wall of the corridor,when smoke vent is set on the top of the corridor,the efficiency of mechanical smoke exhaust was about 10% higher,and had a low risk in the corridor. While designing smoke exhaust system,setting smoke vent on the top of the corridor is a prior consideration.
High rise
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